Extravehicular Activity • Full pressure suits and high-altitude aviation • Early human space program • Operational suits • Interfaces to habitats and rovers • Spacesuit alternatives © 2019 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 1 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Spacesuit Functional Requirements A suit has to • Provide thermal control • Provide a breathable atmosphere • Hold its shape • Move with the wearer • Protect against external threats • Provide communications and data interactions U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 2 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Wiley Post - B. F. Goodrich, 1934 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 3 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support “Tomato Worm” Suits - c. 1940 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 4 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support XMC-2 Full Pressure Suit (ILC - 1955) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 5 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Flat Panel Joint U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 6 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Rolling Convolute - Blade Joint U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 7 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Rolling Convolute Arm U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 8 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Toroidal Joint Construction U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 9 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Toroidal Joint Actuation U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 10 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Role of Neutral Axis Restraints U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 11 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Soft Goods - Hardware Interfaces U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 12 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Mercury Space Suits U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 13 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Gemini Pressure Suits U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 14 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Grumman Lunar Suit Concept - 1962 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 15 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support JHU Suit Concept (1964) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 16 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Suit Contest AX1C AX6H AX5L U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 17 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 18 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab A7L-B U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 19 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab A7L-B U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 20 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Advanced Crew Escape Suits (ACES) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 21 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Shuttle Launch and Entry Suit (LES) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 22 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Boeing Starliner Launch & Entry Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 23 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support SpaceX Launch & Entry Suit(?) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 24 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 25 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Existing Pressure Suits EMU AX-5 Mark III Orlan Hamilton- NASA Ames NASA Russia Standard JSC U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 26 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ESA/Russian Suit Sizing U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 27 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Shuttle EMU Sizing U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 28 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Liquid Cooling Garment Designs U.S. (ILC-Dover) Russian U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 29 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Pressure Suit Helmet Designs Spherical Bubble Fixed Helmet Hemispherical with External with Faceplate Bubble Helmet Visor U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 30 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Pressure Suit Entry Systems Waist Entry Rear Entry U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 31 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Hard Suits - Not a New Idea (1882) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 32 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Draeger Suit (Germany - c. 1940) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 33 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Litton RX-1 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 34 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Wedge Joint Operations U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 35 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NASA Ames AX-1 Hard Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 36 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AX-1 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 37 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AX-1 Dual Planar HUT Entry U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 38 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AX-1 Ingress U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 39 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AX-3 Hybrid Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 40 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AX-3 Suit Ingress U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 41 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AES Experimental Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 42 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support AES Shoulder and Elbow Articulation U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 43 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NASA Ames AX-5 Hard Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 44 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Mark III Suit (JSC) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 45 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Comparative Suit Evaluations - 25 Years Ago U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 46 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Spacesuit Design and Testing (NASA) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 47 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Single-Hand Reach Envelopes U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 48 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Two-Hand Reach Envelope U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 49 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Elbow Joint Torques U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 50 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Comparative Evaluation Conclusions • Both suits fully capable of all tasks, and comparable in performance to EMU • AX-5 had more flexible lower torso, no restoring forces for limb motions • Crew preferences: – Objected to “programming” of multi-roll joints in AX-5 – Preferred soft components in elbows, knees, and feet – Did not think flexibility in lower body was desirable U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity MARYLAND 51 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Results of Comparative Assessment • Point was moot - insufficient funding was available for next-generation suit • EMUs adopted as standard U.S.