Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10 (3): 864 - 875 (2018) ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) journals.ansfoundation.org Role of sugarcane bagasse and bamboo for adsorption of hydrolysed dyes from textile effluent: An overview Karanjeet Kaur Article Info Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 (Punjab), India DOI:10.31018/jans.v10i3.1700 Baljinder Kaur Received: April 5, 2018 Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 (Punjab), India Revised: June 10, 2018 Varinder Kaur* Accepted: July 20, 2018 Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 (Punjab), India Corresponding author . E. mail: [email protected] How to Cite Abstract Kaur, K. et al. (2018). Role Adsorption process is one of the best ways for removal of dyes from effluent generated of sugarcane bagasse and from different industries. The use of adsorbent manufactured from sugarcane bagasse bamboo for adsorption of as well as bamboo fibre bundles, an agro squander from sugar and building industries hydrolysed dyes from Tex- have been reviewed as an excellent replacement for stimulated carbon sorbents for the tile effluent: An overview. removal of dyes from wastewater. Agricultural based adsorbents prepared from sugar- Journal of Applied and cane bagasse and bamboo may be successfully used to remove the unused hydrolyzed Natural Science, 10(3): 864 dyes from an effluent of textile dyeing industry. These ready adsorbents may very much - 875 capable in decolorization of the textile effluent. In this review, literature of two sorbents has been compiled. The review assesses these agricultural based materials as low- cost adsorbents for the removal of hydrolysed dyes from textile effluent. The review also draws some of the basic mechanism of dye adsorption on to. Keywords: Adsorption, Bamboo, Cellulose, Dyes, Lignin, Sugarcane bagasse INTRODUCTION prepare activated carbon are sawdust and rice- husk (Malik , 2003), coir pith (Santhy and There are wide varieties of dyes that are being Selvapathy , 2006) and bamboo (Hameed et al., used in the textile industries and are causing wa- 2007). The manufacturing methods of these acti- ter pollution by discharge of industrial effluent. vated carbon substances again add on overall Dyes are usually present in trace quantities in cost to cleanup methods. Therefore, cheap and treated effluents of many industries (Garg et al., eco-friendly adsorbents can be used as an alter- 2004). There are many methods for treatment of native substitution of activated carbon for removal the textile effluent. These methods include chemi- of dyes from wastewater. The adsorption process cal methods, physical methods and biological is one of the effective methods for removal of dyes treatments. The treatments of effluent by chemical from waste effluent (Azhar et al., 2005). There are methods include oxidative processes (Cisneros et number of low cost, easily available and effective al., 2002), ozonation (Gähr, et al., 1994) photo- substances which can be used as adsorbents for chemical treatment (Namboodri and Walsh, 1996) removal of various dyes from aqueous solution or and by use of sodium hypochlorite (Slokar and industrial effluents. The use of sugarcane bagasse Marechal, 1997). Physical methods for effluent as an adsorbent, an agro waste from sugar indus- treatment include adsorption by biosorbents like tries has been studied as an alternative substitute sawdust (Sharma et al., 2009), waste orange peel for activated carbon for the removal of dyes from (Namasivayam et al., 1996), banana pith wastewater (Azhar et al., 2005; Saad et al., 2010). (Namasivayam et al., 1998), rice husk (McKAY et Sugarcane is a grass that is harvested for its su- al., 1985) and sugarcane bagasse (Xing and crose content. Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous Wang, 2009). The other physical methods include residue remaining after sugarcane stalk has been ion exchange (Mishra and Tripathy, 1993), Irradia- crushed and the juice removed. The production of tion (Hosono et al., 1993), coagulation and floccu- bagasse exceeds 100 million tons annually. Be- lation (Zeng et al., 2014). The biological treatment cause of its fibrous nature, it has been used as a includes decolonization by white-rot fungi fuel, paper and pulp, structural materials, and agri- (McMullan and Meehan, 2001). Activated carbon cultural uses (Han et al., 1983). Reported that prepared from many substances can be used as bagasse contains carboxylic and hydroxyl group an adsorbent. The substances that can be used to therefore it has been adopted as a cheap, attrac- This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). © 2018: Author (s). Publishing rights @ ANSF. Kaur, K. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 10 (3): 864 - 875 (2018) Fig. 1. Delignification process as pretreatment on bio- mass (Mosier et al., 2005). Fig. 4. Main structures present in lignins of sugar- cane bagasse (Silva et al., 2011). Fig. 2. Structure of cellulose (Saheb and Jog, 1999). boos are evergreen perennial flowering plants and have been considered as most primitive grasses which are also present in abundant form. Bamboo has similar components to bagasse and scanty of work has been reported on bamboo acting as an adsorbent for industrial effluent. So this review work is based on adsorption of dye from industrial effluent using bagasse as well as bamboo. The used fiber bundles can further be used as fuel for boilers and filling material for seats of cars, buses, trains and so many. Bagasse as an adsorbent: Sugarcane is a mem- -Xylose- ß (1, 4) - Mannose - ß(1, 4) - Glucose – ber of Gramineae (grasses) family with scientific - Alpha (1, 3) – Galactose Hemicellulose name of Saccharum officianrum. A tropical grass Fig. 3. Hemicellulose ( Brienzo et al., 2016). native to Asia, sugarcane plants have been grown for over 4000 years. Sugarcane is native to the tive and effective adsorbent for removal of dyes warm temperate to tropical regions of South from wastewater (Saad et al., 2010). A number of Asia and Melanesia, and used reports have been published on sugarcane ba- for sugar production. Sugarcane plant is two to six gasse acting as an adsorbent for different dyes. meters (six to twenty feet) tall. It has stout fibrous These reports show that different pretreatment stalks which are rich in the sugar sucrose. Sugar- methods can be employed in order to make ba- cane is a C4 plant with a high rate of photosynthe- gasse an effective adsorbent .These pretreat- sis (its rates lies around 150-200 % above the ments act by disrupting the lignocellulosic matrix average for other plants). It can be characterized (Fig. 1.) thereby reducing the amount of lignin and by segmented stems, blade-like leaves and pro- hemicelluloses as well as modifying the crystalline duction by seeds. Sugarcane plant originated from structure of cellulose to make it more susceptible New Guinea where it has been known since about for adsorption (Silverstein et al., 2007). 6000 BC and then spread along human migration Sugarcane bagasse acts as an adsorbent for routes. Sugarcane is common in tropical and sub- many dyes present in the industrial effluent. Bam- tropical countries throughout the world. Brazil, Table 1. Chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse reported by various authors (Karp et al., 2013). Components Soccol et al., 2011 Rocha et al., 2011 Bertoti et al., 2009 Cellulose (%) 32-44 45.5 47.5-51.1 Hemicellulose (%) 27-32 27 26.7-28.5 Lignin (%) 19-24 21.1 20.2-20.8 Extractives (%) - 4.6 0.8-3 Ashes (%) 4.5-9 2.2 other components include resin, soaps, sulphur, ash like substances 865 Kaur, K. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 10 (3): 864 - 875 (2018) Fig. 5. Average chemical composition of bamboo (Lee et al., 1994). Table 2. Some important tribes and sub-tribes of bamboo (Wilson and Loomis, 1964). S. Name of Tribe Name of Sub-tribes Number of genera and their exam- Total number Reference N. ples of genera 1. Olyreae(Herbac- 1.Buergersiochloineae One genus: Buergeriochloa 21 (Shupe et eous bamboos) 20 genera : Agnesia, Alberella, Crypto- al., 2007) (1) Olyreae chloa, Diandroly- ra,Ekmanochloa,Froesiochloa, Litha- chne, Maclurolyra, Mniochloa, Olyra (plant), Pariana, Parianella, Parodioly- ra, Piresia, Piresiella, Raddia, Raddiel- la, Rehia, Reitzia and Sucrea 2. Bambuseae Arthrostylidiinae 13 genera : Ac- 91 (Wilson (Tropical-woody tinocladum,Apoclada, Arthrostylidium, and bamboos) Ahrostachys, Atractantha, Aulone- Loomis, mia,Colanthelia, Elytrostachys, Gla- 1964; ziophyton, Merostachys,Rhipidoclaum. Dransfiel, Bambusinae 10 genera :Bambusa, Bonia, Den- 1992) drocalamus, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Melo- calamus, Thyrsostachys, Sphaerobam- bos. Chusqueinae 2 genera: Chusquea and Neurolepis. Guaduinae 4 genera: Eremocaulon, Guadua, Ol- meca and Otatea. Melocanninae 9 genera : Cephalostachyum, Davidsea, Leptocanna, Melocanna, Nastinae Neohouzeaua, Ochlandra, Pseudo- stachyum, Schizostachyum and teinostachyum. Racemobambodinae 6 genera: Decaryochloa, Greslania, Hickelia, Hitchcockella, Nastus and Perrierbambus. Shibataeinae One genus: Racemobambus. 8 genera : Chimono- bambusa, Indosasa, Phyllostachys, Qiongzhuea, Shibataea, Semiarundi- naria, Sinobambusa and Temburongia. 3 Arundinarie-ae _ Acidosasa, Ampelocalamus, Arundi- 16 (Latif, (Temperate naria, Borinda, Chimonocalamus, 1993) woody bamboos) Drepanostachyum, Fargesia, Ferrocal- amus, Indocalamus, Gaoligongshania, Gelidocalamus, Oligostachyum, Pseu- dosasa,Sasa, Thamnocalamus