THE TOWN OF SAINT ANDREWS 2019+ Saint Andrews Adaptation Plan Community Based Climate Adaptation Plan Photo Credit: Chamber of Commerce, Saint Andrews Disclaimer: The following document is a climate change adaptation plan for the Town of Saint Andrews. It is important to note the contents of this document are for informational purposes only. This plan was prepared for the use of the Town of Saint Andrews, NB municipality to adapt against climate change. The Town is not to be held liable for any loss, direct or indirect, that may arise or occur as a result of the use of this plan in any other ways. Prepared by: Eastern Charlotte Waterways Inc. 881 Main Street, Blacks Harbour, NB E5H 1E5 Tel: (506) 456-6001 Email: [email protected] This project was prepared with the support of the New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund. 1 | P a g e Executive Summary The Town of Saint Andrews, New Brunswick is considered one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change impacts due to its location as a coastal community positioned on the Passamoquoddy Bay and at the tip of the St. Croix River. The area and community is exposed to rising sea-levels, the increase in intensity and frequency of severe storm surge events and flooding. Recognizing these vulnerabilities and risks, the Town of Saint Andrews has proactively taken a series of actions to begin to prepare and adapt against these climate risks. Using strategic planning, internal and external knowledge sources and experts as well as active community engagement, the Town of Saint Andrews works hard to build a resilient community to climate change. Previous work includes a vulnerability and risk assessment to identify vulnerable infrastructure and assets, an emergency response plan and presently, an asset management plan in addition to ongoing updates to the municipal plan that accounts for climate change and climate adaptation actions. The Town continues to integrate climate scenario considerations into all policy, planning and project guidelines and decision-making processes. The next phase of this integration requires a comprehensive, informed climate adaptation plan that understands climate risks, climate change impacts, drivers and constraints and necessary steps to adapt against climate change. Navigating the realities of climate change impacts requires municipalities to understand the unique interconnected nature of both their community and the changing climate. As such, the following plan works to include social, economic, environmental and institutional considerations into climate change adaptation planning and guidelines. In addition to proposing specific adaptation projects, policy recommendations are used to help inform municipal government decision making processes. Understanding that municipal governemnts are oftentimes constrained in resources, financial and otherwise, this plan also aims to provide possible implementation tools and mechanisms to overcome adaptation barriers and constraints and to encourage positive political decision making and rigorous public engagment and consultation. This plan was informed by a multitude of different actors, stakeholders and members of the community. In addition to a Climate Change Technical Advisory Committee, comprised of town staff members, regional service commission planners and well-informed community members, other expertise was sought to inform the project proposals. For instance, we networked with other municipalities and regional service commissions to understand what approaches are currently working, which need modifications and which ones are applauded by both municipal government and community members. At times, this required collaboration with other municipal governments and experts in the field outside of New Brunswick. The essence of this plan depends upon the active community engagement to ensure that the concerns and desires of the residents of Saint Andrews are properly represented to the municipality. 2 | P a g e Table of Contents Glossary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Mayor and Council Commitments …………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Background Information: The Town of Saint Andrews …………………………………………………………… 7 Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process ……………………………………………………………………… 8 Climate Impacts and Risks: A Local Context ………………………………………………………………………... 9 1. Climate Risks 2. Projected Climate Impacts: Social, Economic, Environment, Institutional 3. Vulnerability and Risk Assessments Public Engagement: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 - Community Engagement (2018) - Climate Change Steering Committee (2018) - Public Engagement Session(s) (2019) - Sir James Dunn High School (2019) - Online Platform (2019) Municipal and Community Goals and Objectives ………………………………………………………………... 17 Drivers and Constraints to Adaptation Planning: Social, Economic, Environmental and Institutional …………... 18 Adaptive Actions: Environmental …………………………………………………………………………………. 21 - Land Use Planning - Water Infrastructure and Drinking Water - In-land Flooding - Wildlife and Habitation Degradation Adaptive Actions: Infrastructure ……………………………………………………………………………………. 26 - Market Square and the Wharf - Indian Point - Patrick Street Adaptive Actions: Social …………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 - Public Health and Safety - Community Planning and Communication Adaptive Actions: Institutional ……………………………………………………………………………………. 30 - Emergency Response Planning - Municipal Staff Development Implementation and Monitoring: tools and funding sources……………………………………………………………… 34 Appendices: 1. Green Space Map (SNBSC) ………………………………………………………………………………… 37 2. Land Use Map (SNBSC) …………………………………………………………………………………….38 3. Impact Map: St. Andrews High Tide 2100 + Storm Surge (Indian Point at 5.8m) ………………………… 39 4. Impact Map: St. Andrews High Tide 2100 (Indian Point at 4.9 m) ………………………………………… 40 5. Impact Map: St. Andrews High Tide + Storm Surge (King Street at 5.8 m) ………………………………. 41 6. Impact Map: St. Andrews High Tide (King Street at 4.9m) ………………………………………………… 42 7. Impact Map: St. Andrews High Tide + Storm Surge (Patrick Street at 5.8 m) ………………………………43 8. Impact Map: St. Andrews High Tide (Patrick Street at 4.9 m) ………………………………………………44 9. Climate Change Steering Committee Terms of Reference ………………………………………………….. 45 10. Public Engagement Strategy ………………………………………………………………………………. 47 11. Climate Adaptation Questionnaire …………………………………………………………………………. 49 3 | P a g e Glossary Adaptation: adjustment in natural or human Community Based Adaptation: Community- systems in response to actual or expected climate based adaption focuses attention on empowering stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or and promoting the adaptive capacity of exploit beneficial opportunities. Several types of communities. It is a proactive problem living and adaptation can be distinguished, including forward-looking approach that takes contexts, anticipatory (before an event) and institutional culture, knowledge, agency, preferences, and (after an event) adaptation. particularities of communities and their members as strengths. (Canadian Institute of Planners) Adaptive Capacity: The whole of capabilities, resources and institutions of a country, region, Constructed Wetlands: restored or manmade community or group to implement effective wetlands. adaptation measures. Emergency Preparedness: The management of Baseline: the baseline (or reference) is the state emergencies concerning all hazards (natural and against which the change is measured. It might be human-induced), including all activities and risk a ‘current baseline’ in which case it represents management measures related to prevention and present-day conditions. IT might also be a ‘future mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. baseline’ which is a projected future set of Mitigation in this context refers to sustained conditions excluding the driving factor of interest. actions taken to eliminate or reduce risks and (Canadian Institute of Planners) impacts posed by hazards well before an emergency or disaster occurs, and is generally Climate Change: United Nations Framework synonymous with ‘adaptation’ in a climate change Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) context. (Natural Resources Canada) defines climate change as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human Flood Scenarios: are based on projected sea levels activity that alters the composition of the global and storm events that may impact a given area. atmosphere and which is in addition to natural They are generally outlined in “likelihood” of the climate variability observed over comparable time event occurring. For example, a 1 in 10-year storm periods.” The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction event is likely to happen once every 10 years, or between climate change attributable to human each year there is a 10% chance of it happening. activities altering the atmospheric composition, (NRCAN) and climate variability attributable to natural causes. (NRCAN) Green/living shorelines: use vegetation and natural materials to reduce negative impacts on Climate Scenario: A plausible and often nearshore habitat for plants, fish, and wildlife simplified representation of the future climate, while protecting property. (NRCAN) based on an internally consistent set of climatological relationships and assumptions of Green Space: ‘any vegetated areas of land or radiative forcing, typically constructed for explicit water within or adjoining an urban area.’ (Forest use as input to climate