5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Sophie LEMOUSSU le jeudi 25 juin 2020 5JUSF Une approche basée sur les modèles pour les PMEs innovantes de l’industrie aéronautique A model-based framework for innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Aeronautics ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED AA : Génie Industriel - Automatique et informatique 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF Équipe d'accueil ISAE-ONERA CSDV %JSFDUFVS T EFʾÒTF M. Rob VINGERHOEDS (directeur de thèse) M. Jean-Charles CHAUDEMAR (co-directeur de thèse) Jury : M. Pierre DE SAQUI SANNES Professeur ISAE-SUPAERO - Président M. Rob VINGERHOEDS Professeur ISAE-SUPAERO - Directeur de thèse M. Jean-Charles CHAUDEMAR Professeur Associé ISAE-SUPAERO - Co-directeur de thèse Mme Frances BRAZIER Professeure TU-Delft M. Juan LLORENS Professeur UC3M-Madrid - Rapporteur M. Clément FORTIN Professeur Skoltech-Moscou - Rapporteur M. Claude LAPORTE Professeur ÉTS-Montreal Mme Claude BARON Professeure INSA-Toulouse To my great grandmother Julia. Acknowledgement If you treat an individual as he is, he will remain how he is. But if you treat him as if he were what he ought to be and could be, he will become what he ought to be and could be Johann Wolfgang von Goethe This research study and doctoral dissertation could not have been completed without the help and support of many people, who I hope to acknowledge here. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Professor Rob Vingerhoeds, for his continuous support of my PhD study and related research, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of my research, writing articles and writing this thesis. I could not have reached successfully this doctorate without him. Of course, I would like to thank deeply as well Dr. Jean-Charles Chaudemar who provided a fruitful and continuous support from the beginning. He opened the way to this doctorate and helped me with warm encouragements and insightful suggestions. Besides my advisors, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Prof. Baron, Prof. Brazier, Prof. Fortin, Prof. Laporte, Prof. Llorens and Prof. de Saqui-Sannes for their insightful comments and encouragement, but also for the sometimes difficult and always judicious questions they asked me during my research and until the crucial moment of the defense. Here I reiterate my deep thanks to the jury for participating in my thesis committee. My sincere thanks also go to Prof. Haït, who provided me the opportunity to join his team within the ISAE-DISC laboratory. Without his precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research. A special dedication goes to Prof. Brazier who allowed me to work in her department in the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management at TU-Delft, during two months in 2018. There I enjoyed working with her and her team (Martijn, Pieter, Tina, Yilin, in particular). I would like to thanks my dear PhD colleagues I met at ISAE-SUPAERO. In particular for many different reasons, I want to thank here Ahmed, Vatsal, Juan, Anh Toan, Narjes, Zoe, Selma, Sophia, Luca, Guillaume, François, Franco, Erwan, Alex, Anaïs and Rahma. I have a special attention for Geertje, Indushree, Nina, Selma and Vittorio who I met during my 2- month stay in 2018 at TU-Delft. i I would like to thanks the ISAE students who I had the pleasure to supervise: Alfredo, Elliot, Dev, Navein and Yilliang. Thanks as well to the INSA students who built a prototype proposition: Thomas, Laure, Amine, Etienne, Maël and Rachid. I want to thank the AFIS and INCOSE members for their interest in my research work and their fruitful discussions during different meetings and conferences. Especially here I think about Mr Jean-Claude Roussel, Mr Pierre de Chazelles and Mr Michel Galinier. I cannot miss to thank my STAR ENGINEERING colleagues and especially Mr Philippe Brochain who supported this research work from the beginning. I owe many thanks to my dear friends and family, trying to understand what I am working on, sometimes with interest and always with kindness. I want to thank deeply my aunt Yvette and my best Italian cousin Philippe who encouraged me ardently. Finally my deepest thanks go to my partner Philippe and my son Max who supported my daily mood changes and my indomitable doubts. I could not have completed this doctorate without their daily love. ii Abstract The aviation market is facing nowadays a fast growth of innovative airborne systems. Drone cargo, drone taxi, airships, stratospheric balloons, to cite a few, could be part of the next generation of air transportation. In the same time, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are becoming more and more involved in designing and developing new forms of air transportation, transitioning from the traditional role of supplier to those of system designer and integrator. This situation changes drastically the scope of SMEs’ responsibility. As integrators they become responsible for certification of the components and the manufacturing process, an area in which they have little experience. Certification mandates very specific knowledge, regarding the regulations, norms and standards, and dedicated procedures for certification. Certification is a mandatory process and a critical activity for the enterprises in the aerospace industry. It constitutes a major challenge for SMEs who have to take on this certification responsibility with only limited resources. The SMEs have to face hurdles due to the high capital cost, low volumes and long gestation period of projects. They have a low experience in certification and, in a context where the regulation is not fully available, they need support to discuss with Regulation bodies. In the same time, often at the cutting edge, they may be more innovatively creative and agile than the larger enterprises. In this thesis, we examine alternate paths, reducing the complexity and bringing one step closer to solving the problem for the innovative SMEs and other new actors in aviation industry. The objective is to provide support so that they can be more efficient to comprehend and integrate rules, legislations and guidelines to their internal processes in a more simple manner. Two major needs are identified: Methodological support is not easily available for SMEs; Certification requirements are not easily comprehensive and adaptable to each situation. This thesis proposes a methodological approach to support such organisation. Developed in close cooperation with a French SME in this situation, the approach is composed of a set of models (metamodel, structural, and behavioural models) covered by a certification governance mechanism. A maturity model approach completes the propositions. iii Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................. i Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. iii Contents ............................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. GENERAL CONTEXT ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. The aviation market ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. The Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) ......................................................................................... 5 1.2. MOTIVATIONS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Need of methodological support ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.2. Need of formalism......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. REGULATIONS AND MAJOR GUIDELINES IN AVIATION INDUSTRY .. 11 2.1. AIRWORTHINESS CONCEPTS..................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1. Airworthiness Institutions and their Objectives .......................................................................................... 13 2.1.2. Airworthiness and Airworthy Definitions ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2. EASA AND THE EUROPEAN REGULATION ............................................................................................