THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WONHYO ST UDIES' COLLECTED WORKS OF WONHYO • VOLUME II Wonhyo's Philosophy of Mind Edited by A. CHARLES MULLER AND CUONG T. NGUYEN University ofHawai'i Press Honolulu C 2012 University of Hawai' i Press All rights reserved Printed in the Uni ted States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 6 5 4 3 2 I Library of Congress Cahlloging.in.Public.ation Data 1V0nbyo, 617-686. [ elections. English. 2012) lVonb)1>'s philosopby of mind I edited by A. Chartes Muller and Cuoog T. 'guyeD. p. cm.-{JDlemational Association for Wonhyo tudies' collected wo,ts ofWonb>1>; v.2) Annolated tran lations of seminal works by \Vonhyo. Includes bibliographical references and index. I B 978·0·8248-3573·6 (hardcover ; all'- paper) I. lVooh>". 617-686. 2. Philosophy of mind. 3. Buddbist philosophy. I. Muller. A. Charles. 11. ·guycn. Cuong Tu. Ill. Title. IV. cries; International Association for lVonhyo tudies' collecLed work ofWonhyo ; v. 2. 13Q92 19.w663E522012 294.3'361282-<1c23 2011032950 lntcrnationlll Association for \ VO h_byo Stud ies' Collected \\'orks o fWo nb~~o Sui ponsored by the Intematiollal Association ofWoohyo $rudks, with generous financial support provided by Oongguk niversity, Secul, and the State Diversi ty orNe\\' York . Stony Brook... fu£ PARK, SU Y SLony Urook, Executive Director, Stony Brook branch ofL lle lAWS YONG--P'VO KrM. Donggu k University. Executive Director. oul branch of Lite lAW Ho""'YUSG Kn<, S , Y tony Book, Managing Director S ERIES EDITORIAl. B OARD RooaT E. BusWllL JR. (chai r), nivcrsiLyofCal ifornia, Los Angeles . 'GTA£K alo. Korea Uni\'ersity RooERT GI).IEl.l.o. Harva rd University PF:mt GREGORY, SmiLh College Yo.XG-p..·o KIM. Dongguk University 1.0.'15 lA.'<CASTD. UniversiLY of Ca lifornia . Bcrkclcy (cnrritus) Cuo.-..oG Tu GUYEN. corge Ma son University .·G·B." PARK. NY Lony Brook WOSCHEOL YUN. coul Nat ional University Uoiversity ofHawai 'i Press books are printed on acid-free p3per and meet the guidelines lor pennanence and durability of the Counci l On Library Resourc Desigoed by i'nui li err Prioted by Sheridan Books, 11te. Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations ix General Introduction 1 I. The System of the Two Hindrances (Yijang ŭi) A. CHARLES MULLER 45 II. Treatise on the Ten Ways of Resolving Controversies (Simmun hwajaeng non) CUONG T. NGUYEN 161 III. Commentary on the Discrimination between the Middle and the Extremes (Chungbyŏn punbyŏllon so): Fascicle Three CUONG T. NGUYEN 177 IV. Critical Discussion on Inference (P’an piryang non) DAN LUSTHAUS 263 Notes 299 Glossary 379 Bibliography 387 Index 395 v Acknowledgments t is probably not that unusual for a multiauthor-translator volume in a translation series to go through a number of twists and turns and Istarts and stops before finally coming out into print. This one cer- tainly did. First commissioned in 1997, this volume went through a continuous series of changes in contributors and editors, to the extent that there were times of doubt (at least in the minds of one or two) as to whether it would ever see the light of day. But here it is—a collection of some of Wŏnhyo’s most challenging and philosophically stimulating works in one volume, well-translated and well-annotated. We would like to take this opportunity to offer our thanks and congratula- tions to Sung Bae Park, for whom the translation of Wŏnhyo’s extant works into English has been a lifelong dream, a dream that is gradually moving toward its fruition. It was Sung Bae who put the initial parties and funding together and who organized the groundwork for the production of this watershed project for Wŏnhyo studies. We would also like to extend our deep thanks to Robert Siegel and Sungtaek Cho, who expended enormous energy in the early days of the proj- ect to put the initial teams together and who handled numerous managerial and editorial tasks while under other pressing responsibilities. Their task was subse- quently taken over by Hongkyung Kim, who has also worked tirelessly to keep things on track. Our thanks also to the two readers for the University of Hawai‘i Press, Rob- ert Kritzer and Dan Lusthaus, whose valuable comments resulted in a significant improvement in the overall quality of the volume. As it turned out, when we, as dilettantes in Buddhist logic, were frustrated with having to tackle an impenetra- ble fragment of Wŏnhyo’s attempt at hetuvidyā, we enlisted Lusthaus to become one of our contributors. It was a good decision, because Dan ended up producing a translation and introduction that, to our knowledge, virtually no one else in the field of East Asian Buddhist studies is presently capable of doing to this level. Another important later contributor to the volume is William Waldron. We were struggling with the first half of the general introduction (on Yogācāra and Tathāgatagarbha, in their symbiotic relationship) and had reached a bit of an im- passe in the process of trying to blend the two rather different essays written by Nguyen and Muller. Bill rewrought the whole thing into a single essay that I think we can safely say is now one of the best single introductions to Yogācāra/ Tathāgatagarbha presently available. vii viii Acknowledgments Last, but furthest from the least: All of the participants in this volume proj- ect owe profound thanks to Robert Buswell, who jump-started the entire project at a critical juncture, arranging the publication agreement with the University of Hawai‘i Press and pushing the volumes in this series through the stage of produc- tion. In particular, he worked to get this volume on track again at a point when it had been in limbo for a couple of years. Without Robert’s rare combination of scholarly, editorial, and managerial talents, this volume would probably never have seen the light of day. We are immeasurably grateful. A. CHARLES MULLER CUONG T. NGUYEN Abbreviations A Aṇguttara-Nikāya AMF Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith BDK Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai CBETA Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association Ch. Chinese CWSL Cheng weishi lun D Dighā-Nikāya FDJL Fodijing lun HPC Han’guk Pulgyo chŏnsŏ K. Korean KT Korean Tripiṭaka MN Majjhima-Nikāya R Reprint Xu Zangjing (Xin wenfeng reprint; Taipei: Xin wenfeng chu-ban-she) SHN Simmun hwajaeng non (Treatise on the Ten Ways of Resolving Controversies) Skt. Sanskrit Sṃdh Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra SN Saṃyutta-Nikāya SPE Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment (Yuanjue jing) T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Vbh Vibhaṅga WSC Wŏnhyo sŏngsa chŏnsŏ (Collected Works of the Sagely Teacher Wŏnhyo) XZJ Xu Zangjing (The Shinsan Dainihon Zokuzōkyō; Tokyo: Kokusho Kankokai) YBh Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra Z Zokuzōkyō (The Dainihon Zokuzōkyō; Kyoto: Zokuzōkyō Shoin) ix General Introduction Contents 1. BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY OF MIND IN EAST ASIA 3 1.1. Grounding in Basic Buddhist Philosophical and Soteriological Approaches 3 1.2. Madhyamaka: Dependent Arising and Emptiness 7 1.3. Problems with Transmission of Karma and Abhidharmic Solutions 9 1.4. The Need for a More Detailed Map of Consciousness 10 1.5. Yogācāra: The Middle Path and Mind-Only 11 1.6. Liberation in Yogācāra 14 1.7. Tathāgatagarbha 14 1.8. Intermixture 16 1.9. The Base Consciousness: Pure, Defiled, Neither, or Both 17 1.10. The Xuanzang Effect 18 1.11. The Fate of East Asian Yogācāra 19 1.12. Yogācāra Influences on Wŏnhyo 20 1.13. Buddhist Logic 23 2. Wŏnhyo as “harmonizer” 24 2.1. The Meaning of Hwajaeng 24 2.2. Not Doing P’angyo 25 2.3. Approaches to the Study of Hwajaeng 26 2.4. Wŏnhyo’s Writings, Logic, and Modes of Inquiry 28 2.5. Philological Analysis: Terminological Bases for Hwajaeng 30 1 2 General Introduction 2.6. Paradigmatic Bases for Wŏnhyo’s Perspective of Harmonization 34 2.6.1. The One Mind 34 2.6.2. Two Truths 36 2.7. Harmonization, Faith, and Distance from Language 38 2.7.1. Linguistic Hwajaeng and Nonlinguistic Hwajaeng 38 2.7.2. Nonconceptual Faith as the Final Destination 40 3. The TexTs 42 1. Buddhist Philosophy of Mind in East Asia Modern scholars have come to distinguish two major streams of early East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy. Both of these were based on Indian antecedents, and both conducted thorough examinations of the constitution and transforma- tive potential of human consciousness, particularly the potential for sentient beings to be liberated from the suffering of cyclic existence. These are the doctri- nal streams of Yogācāra and Tathāgatagarbha. Although these two currents of Buddhist thought held differing views on such matters as the basic moral quality of the human mind and the possibility of universal enlightenment, they did share extensively in the content of their doctrines and practices, as well as their technical terminology. These were the two most significant philosophies of mind to be received, studied, and interpreted by Wŏnhyo (617–686), and they provided the basic framework for his own philosophical perspectives.1 We will pay special attention to Wŏnhyo’s treatment of these two doctrinal streams below, but first we will briefly review their general course of development, paying special atten- tion to their symbiotic relationship. 1.1. Grounding in Basic Buddhist Philosophical and Soteriological Approaches The Buddhist philosophies of mind received by Wŏnhyo were the product of many centuries of reflection on psychological, epistemological, and soteriologi- cal questions, whose origins lay as far back as the first couple of centuries after the passing of Śākyamuni Buddha. As Buddhism developed in the philosophi- cally sophisticated and religiously variegated milieu of India, there arose the need to provide rational explanations for those aspects of its doctrines that con- tradicted the general tenets of the non-Buddhist Indian religious worldview, which are generally subsumed under the rubric of Brahmanism.