JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE AND APPLICATION VOL. 2 NO. 1 (2021) 38-48 © Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Publisher’s Office Journal of Electronic JEVA Voltage and Journal homepage: http://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/jeva Application e-ISSN : 2716-6074 Laser Technology Applications in Critical Sectors: Military and Medical Suratun Nafisah1, Zarina Tukiran2,3*, Lau Wei Sheng3, Siti Nabilah Rohim3, Vincent Sia Ing Teck3, Nur Liyana Razali2,3, Marlia Morsin2,3* 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Lampung Selatan, 35365, INDONESIA 2Microelectronics and Nanotechnology – Shamsuddin Research Centre, Institute for Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, 86400, Johor, MALAYSIA 3Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, 86400, Johor, MALAYSIA *Corresponding Author DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/jeva.2021.02.01.005 Received 29 March 2021; Accepted 23 May 2021; Available online 30 June 2021 Abstract: This study aims to observe laser technology applications in two critical sectors which are military and medical. These two crucial sectors required a technology that is compatible with the nature of the field; safe, precise and fast (time –saving). A laser is defined as a device that emits a focused beam of light by stimulating the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The characteristics of lasers; coherence, directionality, monochromatic and high intensity are very suitable to be used in the critical sectors. In the military sector, the implementation of laser is commonly used in various types of weapons manufacturing. In this paper, three different military weapon systems namely weapon simulator, laser anti-missile system and navy ship laser weapon system were studied. Meanwhile, in the medical sector, the laser is widely implemented in medical equipment especially in dentistry, surgery and skin treatment. The capability of laser technology to be adapted in the critical sectors can be further investigated and enhanced for future discovery. Keywords: Laser technology, laser weapon system, military sector, medical sector 1. Introduction Laser, which is an acronym, stands for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation” is a device that produces a powerful beam of light by stimulating the emission of electromagnetic radiation. To explain stimulated emission in detail; firstly, the laser device creates and amplifies a focused beam of light whose photons are coherent. Then, within a laser device, the lasing medium being crystals, gas or liquid is “pumped”, so the atom or molecules are excited to achieve a high energy level. Lastly, the atoms or molecules will be discharged to the form of a beam of light [1] as shown in Fig. 1. Before the invention of the laser device in 1960, Albert Einstein was the credited researcher that gave birth the concept idea on the quantum theory of radiation in 1917. In addition, before laser, maser was developed earlier than the laser by Charles Townes, James P. Gordon and Herbert J. Zeiger [2]. The main difference between the two is; maser output is in the form of microwave, while the laser is in the form of visible light. However, the shortcomings of masers at the time are; firstly, the useful solid-state maser *Corresponding author: [email protected] 38 2021 UTHM Publisher. All rights reserved. publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/jeva S. Nafisah et al., Journal of Electronic Voltage and Application Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021) p. 38-48 needs to operate at a very low temperature which is liquid helium temperature (4 Kelvins). Secondly, the maser uses a huge magnet, as much as 2 tonnes. Hence, in 1960, Theodore Maiman successfully developed the ruby laser as shown in Fig. 2. Since then, many types of lasers were continuously developed, using different lasing mediums, but still revolves around the concept of stimulated emission of light. Oscillating waves Output Beam 100% reflector Partial Reflector Pumping Process Fig. 1 - Diagram of laser system operation [3] Fig. 2 - Diagram of ruby laser developed by Maiman [4] Laser technology has been widely used in various types of sectors due to its capability and special characteristics. In non-critical sectors, for example in the apparel or clothing industry, the laser is very useful for cutting, engraving and fault detection of clothing products. In several garment factories, cloth manufacturing units, other clothing and leather industries, laser graving and cutting tools have been used extensively. For fault detection in the cloth, laser-based optical detection Fourier transforms can be used as the pattern replicates daily. A laser focuses on the textile and superimposes diffraction gratings from the periodicity of transverse and longitudinal threads in the textile. When the calculated parameter deviates from the norm, a fault is reported. Next, the laser cutting process produces well-finished edges in synthetic textiles, as the laser melts and fuses an edge that prevents conventional knife cutters from fraying. In some situations, sealing edges of cut patterns and sewn garment pieces is required to prevent fraying where the laser plays the role. Quick operation and cutting of textile textiles, composites and lateral materials were fitted with laser cutting machines [5]. In addition, the seam pucker has a laser beam to test the amount of geometry in clothing. In this process, by placing the garment on a dummy, a seam in the garment is scanned by a 3D laser scanner. An operator could move the laser head in a confined area to any 3D space. The pucker profile of the scanned seam can be achieved through image processing using a 2D optical philtre. The pucker profile can be used to obtain physical parameters such as log σ2 (σ is variance), which can then be connected linearly to the seam pucker grade. The pucker rating can be calculated objectively from the objectively measured log σ2. Next, laser scanning equipment uses one or two thin stripe lasers to determine body size. Cameras are also used to film the scene and support the laser scanner. More optical components can be used to sustain a single laser beam, like mirrors. For digitization, the human body relies on a laser scans computer (Fig. 3) comprised of light sensors and optical systems. The number of light sensors and optical systems may differ according to the position of the body. In laser fading, the laser beam is applied to the material by a device to mark or fade. The hue is broken down with a laser beam and the vapours are loosened out. The material fades only where the fabric is impacted by the spotlight. Two types of lasers are used commercially which are solid based (1 μm wavelength) and gas-based (10 μm wavelength). The optimal fading degree depends on the wavelength, density of power and size of the beam. Compared to acid washes, the process of laser labelling or deterioration is more environmentally sound [6]. Lasers are also used in 39 S. Nafisah et al., Journal of Electronic Voltage and Application Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021) p. 38-48 laser engraving to mark or engrave an item. The method is very complex, and the laser head is mostly operated by computerised systems [6]. Clean, crisp and permanent are the marks created by laser engraving. In comparison lasers are faster than other conventional materials imprinting processes, allowing for a more versatile content range. In addition, laser gravure is used for printer gravure, hollowing, pattern gravure, leather gravure, denim etc. (Fig. 4). There are several other laser technologies in the textile industry that are used for laser treatment for durable antibacterial properties on silver nanoparticles used in the cotton industry [7]. Laser technology is gaining traction without any wet processing in garment finishing that can produce different surface ornaments. This approach is very precise and can run rapidly with strong repeatability and reproducibility [8]. Fig. 3 - 3D body scanning by laser scanner [9] (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 4 - Laser engraving items (a) engraving machine; (b) denim; (c) garment; (d) buttons; (e) leather; (f) embroidery [10] For a simpler application of laser such as bar code scanners (Fig. 5), helium-neon (He-Ne) laser are typically used to classify a product. When scanning the code, a revolving reflected laser beam bounces out. This sends a modulated beam containing commodity data to the computer. For this reason, semiconductor-based lasers can also be used. However, some recent producers are using RFID tags instead of barcodes because of those advantages. The RFID tag can be quickly processed and avoids physical handling of the label, as in bar code schemes [11]. Besides that, the laser is particularly useful for welding. Traditional welding can be risky for the welder and time- consuming; hence the laser welding technology is more preferable because of its safe and fast technology. Besides, the laser can be used as a measuring tool for bulkier and heavier materials such as steel. Using physical measuring tools to measure materials like steel can take up too much time, thus using a laser can be a much better alternative to gauge the physical dimensions of the material. Therefore, the capability of laser technology that offers efficient, time-saving and 40 S. Nafisah et al., Journal of Electronic Voltage and Application Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021) p. 38-48 safe technology with good repeatability and reproducibility was preferred to be implemented in critical and crucial sectors. Fig. 5 - A laser barcode scanner [11] In this paper, the application of laser technology in two critical sectors; military and medical; are discussed. In the military application, the laser is used for simulation and training purposes for soldiers to practise shooting, instead of using live bullets. Lasers can also be used as weapons of a defence system, either for anti-missiles or navy ships.