ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER 821.111.09-311.9 ПИК М. DOI:10.5937/ZRFFP50-28327 MLADEN M. JAKOVLJEVIĆ1 University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica Faculty of Philosophy Department of English Language and Literature TITUS GROAN’S JOURNEY: FROM GORMENGHAST TO THE CITY ABSTRACT. The protagonist’s passage from the world of Gormenghast in Mervyn Peake’s Titus Groan and Gormenghast, the first two volumes of the story, to the futuristic world of the City in the third volume, Titus Alone, is often seen as a break between the two worlds. This unexpected passage from one world to another also brings an unexpected switch to science fiction. Both these changes, the passage to another, radically different world and a shift to science fiction, are not so abrupt or radical as they may seem on the surface. Placing the Gothic and science fiction features into the spotlight, while not denying the existence and importance of others, can show how the real- ity in the trilogy is shaped, how its two worlds are connected into a whole, and how they give one another shape in the overall picture of Gormenghast. Together, they can add to the illumination of the anomaly of Mervyn Peake’s story of Gormenghast. KEYWORDS: Mervyn Peake; Gormenghast; science fiction; Gothic fiction; fantasy. 1 [email protected] The paper is the result of research conducted within project no. OI 178019 Translation in the System of Comparative Studies of National and Foreign Literatures and Cultures, funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. This paper was submitted on September 9th, 2020 and accepted for publication at the meeting of the Editorial Board held on September 25th, 2020. 175 COLLECTION OF PAPERS OF THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY L(3)/2020 A VISIONARY ANOMALY Perhaps the best way to describe Mervyn Peake’s Gormenghast tril- ogy, and his artistic work in general, is to adopt the term given by G. Peter Winnington who rightfully called it “anomalous” (2006, p. 2). The anomaly of Gormenghast is also among the main reasons why it has not gained wider recognition. The number of studies and papers about this work of literature grows by the day, slowly but steadily, and an adaptation of the Gormenghast series heading to TV screens, as a project by Neil Gaiman2, will undoubtedly draw additional attention of both readers and critics. While observations such as those that Peake is “almost entirely neglected by critics” (Winnington, 2006, p. 2) and that his “trilogy has attracted little academic recognition” (Binns, 1979, p. 21) will by all means soon belong to the past, Winnington’s remark that Peake’s work is “anomalous” will lose nothing of its power to describe its unique- ness, singularity, and distinctiveness. Gormenghast is an odd work of literature that defies classifica- tion. Having no identifiable obvious precursors or followers it evades attempts to place it within a specific literary model. As noted by Ronald Binns, It belongs to no obvious tradition, lacks an ordered structure, is occa- sionally careless in detail, and breaks in two after the second volume, at the point where Titus Groan abandons Gormenghast for a pica- resque journey through a quite different, more futuristic world. (Binns, 1979, p. 2) This paragraph in a way briefly explains some reasons why it has taken so long for Peake’s Gormenghast trilogy to gain wider recog- nition and awaken more interest among scholars. Owing to the changes in interests and focus, what used to be regarded as peculi- arities, which marked it as significantly different from other works of fiction denoted as fantasy, can now be foregrounded as its unique features that make it not only a visionary piece of literary fantasy but also a work that was well ahead of its time. As Binns insightfully noticed, Gormenghast conjured up an ancient, feudal world, and evil con- tained itself in the single figure of Steerpike. By contrast, in an 2 Peake’s Gormenghast series was previously adapted to a TV series by BBC in 2000. 176 MLADEN M. JAKOVLJEVIĆ Titus Groan’s Journey: From Gormenghast to the City unidentified world of Titus Alone we get a vision of the future, more science fiction than Gothic romance, more urban and contemporary than the temporally and geographically remote society of Gormeng- hast. (Binns, 1979, p. 31) Gormenghast now fits more comfortably among works of fiction written more recently, with its mixture of genres and its range of narrative strategies, those borrowed from the earlier times, but also those that announced tendencies that were yet to become more prominent. For example, it reaches back to Gothic novels with its medieval aura and abundance of recognizable Gothic tropes, and to modernism with the Bildungsroman themes of de- velopment of the protagonist Titus, and with its cinematic features and interior monologues, as for example in “Reveries” in Titus Groan. It also reaches forth to postmodernism with its multiplicity of genres, and its fragmented narrative in Titus Alone. It is Titus Alone that is often seen as peculiarly anomalous, par- ticularly when compared with the first two volumes. Its anomaly, however, need not be seen as a break, but as a step forward. Tanya Gardiner-Scott analysed Titus Alone in its printed and pre- publication forms and concluded that not only was the novel “care- fully planned years in advance” but that it was conceived by Peake “more carefully than he is given credit for in the printed texts” and that this volume actually represents “a new stage of his artistic development” (Gardiner-Scott, 1989, pp. 70, 82). As pointed out by Brian McHale (1992), epistemologically oriented fiction is preoccu- pied with the questions about what is there to know about the world, who knows it and how reliably, whereas ontologically ori- ented fiction, like science fiction and postmodernism, is preoccu- pied with the questions about the nature of the world, how it is constituted, as well as with the relationship between different worlds. The protagonist’s passage from Gormenghast to the City marks this “new stage of artistic development” that also brings about a shift from epistemological to ontological dominant. THE FUZZY SET(S) OF GORMENGHAST The absence of “obvious tradition” in Gormenghast, of course, does not mean that it does not contain any traditions at all. In fact, it contains a number of them, a lot of them actually, all fused into a Mladen M. Jakovljević 177 COLLECTION OF PAPERS OF THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY L(3)/2020 whole. The variety of tropes that Gormenghast encompasses make it an eclectic piece of writing rooted in a complex mixture of genres whose boundaries within the trilogy can be said to “shade off imperceptibly”, to borrow Brian Attebery’s formulation as applied to a “fuzzy set” of fantasy defined “not by boundaries but by a center” (Attebery, 2004, pp. 304–305). And yet, although Gormeng- hast is considered to be a fantasy series, it is difficult to make easy comparisons and find direct relations with other works of fantasy. As a result, it is difficult to comfortably and convincingly place it within any of the individual sets, no matter how fuzzy they may be. Perhaps a way to deal with this should be as anomalous as the work in question. One possible solution would be to dispense with placing Gormenghast into any specific sets other than its own, with its own multiplicity of centres, or sets it comprises. Another solu- tion would be to allow it to unfold over and be part of several sets simultaneously, while dropping the insistence that the work as a whole or its greater part should occupy strictly or mostly one of them. Scholars have identified a number of centres in it, including those of fantasy, science fiction, Gothic fiction, tragedy, Elizabe- than drama, Bildungsroman, postmodern novel, postcolonial fic- tion, satire, allegory, and medieval mystery plays. Additionally, the influences of Milton’s, Carrol’s, Dickens’s, and Sterne’s works are often noted, including the parallels between Steerpike’s rise and that of Satan, similarities with Alice in Wonderland, Dickensian gro- tesqueness of the characters’ names, and Titus’s absence from much of the first part of the trilogy due to which Tristram Shandy is often recognized as the model for the protagonist (Binns, 1979, p. 24; Gardiner–Scott, 1988, p. 13; Hindle, 1996, p. 9; Mendlesohn, 2013, p. 69; Mills, 2005, pp. 57–58; Redpath, 1989, p. 68; Winnington, 2006, p. 180). Although encompassing all of the above Gormenghast as a whole is unlike any of them specifically. For this reason, it can and should be a fuzzy set on its own, consisting of a number of other sets none of which should be given the all-time, universal priority. Instead, Gormenghast should be allowed to stay rooted and comfortably rest in many of them. Putting one or several such centres into the spotlight does not mean that these are given precedence or that others are less relevant or less important. Instead, the analysis focused on one or a couple of them can shed more light, from dif- ferent angles, not only on that or those particular centres, but on the entire work as well. 178 MLADEN M. JAKOVLJEVIĆ Titus Groan’s Journey: From Gormenghast to the City The multitude of centres reflects on the disordered and frag- mented structure of Gormenghast. It is often noted that the trilogy breaks in two with Titus Alone, but the continuity may be found in the connections and relations between the details and the whole— those that exist within each of the two worlds, but also those between them—as well as in the relations between two fuzzy cen- tres that the story encompasses: Gothic fiction and science fiction.