Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes Anna Sandak Jakub Sandak Marcin Brzezicki Andreja Kutnar Bio-based Building Skin Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes Series editor Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, SgT Group and API, Hong Kong, Hong Kong This series aims to broadly cover all the aspects related to environmental assessment of products, development of environmental and ecological indicators and eco-design of various products and processes. Below are the areas fall under the aims and scope of this series, but not limited to: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment; Social Life Cycle Assessment; Organizational and Product Carbon Footprints; Ecological, Energy and Water Footprints; Life cycle costing; Environmental and sustainable indicators; Environmental impact assessment methods and tools; Eco-design (sustainable design) aspects and tools; Biodegradation studies; Recycling; Solid waste management; Environmental and social audits; Green Purchasing and tools; Product environmental footprints; Environmental management standards and regulations; Eco-labels; Green Claims and green washing; Assessment of sustain- ability aspects. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13340 Anna Sandak • Jakub Sandak • Marcin Brzezicki • Andreja Kutnar Bio-based Building Skin Anna Sandak Jakub Sandak National Research Council of Italy InnoRenew CoE (CNR-IVALSA) Izola, Slovenia Trees and Timber Institute National Research Council of Italy San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy (CNR-IVALSA) Faculty of Mathematics Trees and Timber Institute University of Primorska San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy Koper, Slovenia University of Primorska InnoRenew CoE Koper, Slovenia Izola, Slovenia Andreja Kutnar Marcin Brzezicki University of Primorska Wrocław University of Science Koper, Slovenia and Technology InnoRenew CoE Wrocław, Poland Izola, Slovenia ISSN 2345-7651 ISSN 2345-766X (electronic) Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes ISBN 978-981-13-3746-8 ISBN 978-981-13-3747-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3747-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964254 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore To our parents and children, who show us how beautiful the World around us is, and how important is to respect the Nature Preface Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But if you make bad architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred years Renzo Piano The trend to create sustainable buildings in addition to increasing environmental awareness has led to renewed interest in application of bio-architecture as an alternative to other construction techniques. Indeed, the expansion of bio-based product availability and their extensive utilization in modern buildings is one of the top priorities of the European Union’s development strategies and its societal challenges. Accordingly, bio-based materials are considered a promising resource for buildings in the twenty-first century due to their sustainability and versatility. Unfortunately, architects and civil engineers are rarely trained in the proper use of wood and other biomaterials, including its use for building façades. Façades are not considered to be a separate building component but an integral building element contributing to its performance and aesthetics. As an interface of the exterior and the interior, façades influence both: the area around the building and its internal space. New materials and smart technologies allow designers and engineers to propose innovative solutions to make buildings outstanding. Façades are the outer skin of a structure and are responsible for improving energy efficiency, while being both innovative and attractive. Consequently, traditional façade concepts have evolved. They have shifted from non-renewable to renewable, from barrier to interface, from invariable and static to responsive and dynamic, from passive single function to adaptive and multifunctional, from continuous to modular, from ordinary to customized, and from minimizing harm to being regenerative and restorative. These innovations are relatively simple to implement while designing and con- structing new buildings, but their application in existing buildings is much more complicated. Around 35% of the EU’s buildings are over 50 years old, and the restoration of residential buildings accounts for 65% of the renovation market. vii viii Preface It follows that a current challenge is upgrading the existing building stock in an effective and sustainable way. Retrofitting has become an important component of Europe’s construction sector. New construction techniques, alternative materials, and innovative technologies enable us to retrofit old, and design new, buildings and structures to withstand the current and predicted impacts of climate change. Recovering buildings through renovation rather than demolition and reconstruction is a common practice but is a vital concern from a sustainability perspective. This book is a result of the BIO4ever project funded by Ministero dell’Istruzione dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) (RBSI14Y7Y4). The project was dedicated to filling the knowledge gaps related to the fundamental properties of novel bio-based building materials. During the BIO4ever project, the performance of 120 diverse bio-based building materials usable for building façades, that were provided by 30 institutes and companies was tested and evaluated. We hosted 24 researchers and visited several research institutes and universities establishing collaborations we hope to build in future. This book is also an outcome of fruitful collaboration among researchers that had a chance to work together thanks to COST networking tools. Three COST Actions: FP1303 “Performance of bio-based building materials”; FP1407 “Understanding wood modification through an integrated scientific and environmental impact approach”; and TU1403 “Adaptive façade network” allowed us to work together, exchange ideas, and merge our expertise. The “Bio-Based Building Skin” book was written to address a wide audience including architects, engineers, designers, and contractors. It provides a com- pendium of material properties, demonstrates several successful examples of bio-based materials applied as building skins, and provides inspiration for designing novel solutions. The state-of-the-art review and presentation of the newest trends regarding material selection, assembling systems, and innovative functions of façades are provided with an appropriate level of detail. Selected case studies of buildings from diverse locations are presented to demonstrate the successful implementation of various biomaterial solutions, determining unique architectural styles and building functions. Analysis of the structure morphologies and aesthetic impressions related to bio-based building façades is discussed from the perspective of art and innovation. Essential factors influencing material performance are argued from various perspectives, including aesthetics, functionality, and safety. Special focus is directed on assessment of the performance of façades throughout the ser- vice life of a building, including end of life. This book provides technical and scientific knowledge and contributes to public awareness, by providing evidence of the benefits to be gained from the knowledgeable use of bio-based materials in façades. Preface ix In reference to Renzo Piano’s statement quoted above, we hope that our book will highlight good architecture, will inspire your future research and projects, and will be worth reading… San Michele all’Adige, Italy/Izola, Slovenia Anna Sandak Koper, Slovenia/Izola,