Vol.13/No.42/Dec 2016 Received 2014/02/25 Accepted 2015/02/01 To Study the Place of Imagination and Myth in Coffee House Painting (Gillbert Durand Method) Najibeh Rahmani * Safar Ali Shabani Khatib** Abstract Coffee house painting that is among few remained folk arts in Iran was originated from the public national and religious attitudes in Qajar era. These paintings are supported by the imagination and the myth, which are rooted in the intellectual talent and the collective spirit. The imagination constitutes the formal motif of the paintings as well as national and religious myths constitute the content motifs of the works, which are rooted in the Iranian rich culture and collective spirit. Coffee house painting that was founded by the artists who didn’t go to the school was according to the imagination and myth-oriented bases somehow the painters called this style as imagination-drawing and stated that its relationship with the imagination was the source of creating their works. Myth-oriented (drawing the national and religious myths) is also considered as one of the important elements of this art and the confrontation between the good and evil forces forms its main concept; these contrasting manifestations are hidden in the unconscious ego of the artist who didn’t go to the school and can be decoded by Gillbert Durand’s nocturnal regime and diurnal regime theory. Gillbert Durand knows that these conflicting manifestations are related to the unconscious ego of the human and his fear of the unknown death universe that is imposed by the time on the human; this case can be examined about the artists who were drawing the pictures in terms of their imagination and were painting their imagination without education spontaneously. This is a research based on the descriptive and analytical studies of the imagination and myth manifestations in the coffee shop painting; this was started by introducing the scope of the imagination, myth and Gilbert Durand’s theory and this important research has been conducted by the library studies, collecting the books and the articles and translating the essays. This paper tries to investigate the place of the imagination and the myth as well as the effective roles of the imagination and myth-making elements in the coffee house painting according to Gillbert Durand’s nocturnal regime and diurnal regime theory and by a documentary and library method. The results of this research indicate that the artists with the coffee house style drew the personal fear (fear of death) and the collective unconscious egos of their compatriots with the help of the imagination and its creativity power as well as with the assistance of myth-making and drew the contrasting elements against the fear simultaneously. Keywords Coffee House Painting, Imagination, Myth, Nocturnal and Diurnal Regimes, Gillbert Durand. * . M. A. in Art research. Narjes Vocational College and Fazilat College of Semnan. [email protected] **. M. A. in Art research. Narjes Vocational College of Semnan. [email protected] .......................................19.. .. ........... ........ ....... .......... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism Najibeh Rahmani، Safar Ali Shabani Khatib / Bagh- e Nazar, 13 (42):19-32 Introduction • Research Question the art is the area of talent experience that is rooted How does Gillbert Durand’s the diurnal regime and in the national and religious defaults willingly the nocturnal regime theory describe the role of and unwillingly; an artist spends his ability and the imagination and the myth in the coffee house thought to animate the face that is the manifestation painting? of the hidden individual intentions in the artist’s • Research Hypothesis unconscious ego. A typical example of this can The coffee house painting was created by the people be seen in a coffee house painting; this manner is who didn’t go to the school and its source was the considered as the first serious manifestations of imagination of coffee house artists and the national Iranian folk art and is full of national and religious and religious myths. Thus, their art dealt with the themes. Any element that a painter has drawn in his collective unconscious egos and the archetypes work is resulted from an archetype; theses archetypes purely-it means that the art doesn’t affect the can be analyzed by the diurnal regime and nocturnal academic principles-the cases which Gilbert Durand regime theory. Gillbert Durand has presented some formulated them by emphasizing the diurnal regime theories about the imagination, myth and their and the nocturnal regime theory; therefore, the relationships properly and by spending much time. hidden motivations in the images of the coffee house Gillbert Durand (1921-2012) is the student of Carl painting can be realized by Durand’s theory. Gustav Jung (1875-1961) and Bachelard (1884-1962) • Research Method who have presented the effective theories in This is an investigation about the manifestations of mythology and imagination. Durand proposed the the imagination and the myth in the coffee house mentioned theory according to the viewpoints of painting based on descriptive and analytical studies. his teachers and assistance of other sciences such as It has been started by introducing the imagination sociology, anthropology and psychology that answer and the myth fields as well as Gillbert Durand’s the hidden unmentioned subjects in the literary and theory (1996 (and this important research has been artistic works in a way. In addition to study the area of conducted by the library studies, collecting the books the imagination and the myth using Gillbert Durand’s and the articles as well as translating the essays. Then, diurnal regime and nocturnal regime theory, this it entered the field of analyzing the coffee house paper examines the thematic and hypertext aspects paintings according to the quantity and the quality of the coffee house painting. of obtained matters. By selecting eight works of the The elements such as imagination, myth, symbolism artists such as Hossein Gholler Aghasi, Mohammad which are the main issues in the coffee house works, Modabber, Abbas Boulouki Far, Mohammad Farahani caused to use Durand’s theory for examining this and Amir Hossein Ghaem Magham (Seif, 1990) subject; moreover, Gillbert Durand’s interest in the and separating the diurnal and nocturnal archetypes and their role in myth-making is another manifestations, it finally realized that two works were reason for this. The coffee house painting is a folk art suitable for the analysis. These two works- one in the that has arisen from Iranian collective unconscious field of the national myths and the other in the field egos and shows their archetypes, as well as it is a of the religious myths – have the most appearances quite subjective and imaginary art. In this paper, of the diurnal regime and the nocturnal regime and ........... Durand studied the place of the imagination and could be the objective manifestation of this theory the myth and represented the nocturnal and diurnal and the style of the coffee house painting. Few .......... elements symbolically by the nocturnal regime and studies have been conducted to examine Durand’s ........ the diurnal regime theory in order to realize the fears theory in the artistic work field- his theories were ....... and the hopes of the people in Qajar era. used more in the literary field- while the imagination ...... ............................ ............................................................. 20 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Najibeh Rahmani، Safar Ali Shabani Khatib / Bagh- e Nazar, 13 (42):19-32 is one of the important aspects of creating an artistic (1981), “Mythical Faces and Images of the Work, work, as it plays a key role in Gillbert Durand’s from Myth-measuring to Myth-analyzing” and theories. Perhaps this research can in turn contribute “Myth of Methodology”(1987) include the subjects to introduce and recognize this style in the area of such as anthropology, mythology and imagination. the art. The book of “Imagination System Structures from Gillbert Durand’s Viewpoint (Imagination Function Research History and Methodology)’’ (2011), which was compiled by Different books of great mythologists have been Ali Abbasi, has described Durand’s opinions about compiled in the area of the mythology; such as Joseph the imagination and the myth. A valuable paper of Campbell and Mircea Eliade who examined this area Ali Abbasi (2001) entitled “Gillbert Durand, the clearly (Campbell in book of “The Masks of God” diurnal regime, the nocturnal regime” was published (1959) and Eliade in the books such as “Myth and in Children & Young Adults Monthly Book. Symbol” (1954), “Myth perspectives”, “Myth of Moreover, he implemented this method on an artistic Eternal Return” (1957) proposed the various issues work and examined it in the article of “Classification of mythology). The issue of the imagination has also and Application of the Imagination Element in Majid the valuable books; in the past, the philosophers Mehregan’s Three Boards with Gilbert Durand’s such as Ibn Sina and Farabi presented their thoughts Approach” (2005) among the articles of the book of about the imagination and the fantasy in their “First Seminar: Artistic Imagination’’. books “Healing” and “The votes of utopia people” respectively. In west, the initial discussions in the Imagination and Myth field of philosophy were also proposed in Plato and One of the exalting aspects of the human is the Aristotle’s viewpoints; but in the twentieth century, imagination and fantasy power; this aspect which is Gaston Bachelard, the founder of the imaginative interpreted as dreaming by the public, has a separate critique expressed the imagination in the book and effective definition scientifically because the of “Epistemology” modernly. The translation of man who is the only creature with the advanced his book by Jalal Sattari (2009) is an appropriate imagination, has passed the intellectual development reference in this area.