DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES STRANDGADE 56 •1401 COPENHAGEN K • DENMARK +45 32 69 87 87 • [email protected] • www.diis.dk DIIS Working Paper 2004: 1 Gendered district poverty profiles and poverty monitoring Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts, Uganda Helle Munk Ravnborg, Jannik Boesen & Anne Sørensen Department of Development Research (formerly Centre for Development Research), Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) Copenhagen and Zarupa Akello, Bernard Bashaasha, Sarah Kasozi, Michael Kidoido & Veronica Wabukawo Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-business, Makerere University, Kampala June 2002, revised January 2004 Contents Abstract 1 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Gendered district poverty profiles in the context of on-going poverty monitoring in Uganda 3 2. Methodology 6 2.1 Identifying local indicators of household and female well-being 7 2.1.1 Undertaking well-being rankings of households and women in selected sites 7 2.1.2 Translating well-being descriptions into well-being indicators of household and female well-being 8 2.1.3 Extrapolation analysis 11 2.2 Undertaking the questionnaire survey 12 2.2.1 Sample selection for questionnaire survey 12 2.2.2 Undertaking the questionnaire survey 13 2.3 Developing a measure of household poverty 13 2.3.1 Household poverty indicators 13 2.3.2 Household poverty index 16 2.3.4 Defining household poverty categories 18 2.4 Developing a measure of the relationship between husband and wife 20 2.4.1 Indicators of gender relations within the household 21 2.4.2 Gender relations index 23 2.4.3 Defining levels of equality of gender relations 25 3. Household poverty and gender relations in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo Districts, Uganda, 2001 26 3.1 Household poverty 26 3.1.1 Demographic characteristics 27 3.1.2 Household sources of livelihood/income 29 3.1.3 Needs satisfaction 38 3.1.4 Summary of household poverty in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts 47 3.2 Profile of gender relations in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts 48 3.2.1 Decision-making 50 3.2.2 Husbands’ contribution towards meeting basic household expenditures 51 3.2.3 Women’s sources of income 53 3.2.4 Women’s access to land 55 3.2.5 Women’s animal ownership 56 3.2.6 Concluding remarks concerning gender relations 57 4. Outcomes of the ASPS components 58 4.1 Households reached by ASPS activities 58 4.2 Households perceptions of the messages they receive from ASPS. 60 4.3 Improved agricultural practices adopted by farmers 62 4.4 Crop sales 64 4.4.1 Sales of crops 64 5. Gender and poverty impact monitoring 66 5.1 Poverty and gender relations monitoring 66 5.2 ASPS outcome monitoring 67 5.3 Attribution 67 References 69 Tables Table 2.1 Most frequently used indicators of household well-being ............................................ 8 Table 2.2 Most frequently used indicators of female well-being................................................ 10 Table 2.3 Household poverty indicators.................................................................................... 14 Table 2.4 Distribution of householdsa according to their scores on the household poverty indicatorsb ......................................................................................................................... 16 Table 2.5 Comparison between the constructed household well-being index and the ranking- based well-being categories............................................................................................... 19 Table 2.6 Gender relations indicators........................................................................................ 22 Table 2.7 Distribution of householdsa (N= 1509) according to gender relations within the householdb ........................................................................................................................ 23 Table 3.1 Number of ‘better-off’, ‘less poor’ and ‘poorest’ persons by district, Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts, Uganda ......................................................... 27 Table 3.2 Marital status of household head by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo. ................................................................................................. 28 Table 3.3 Age by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo ...... 29 Table 3.4 Land ownership by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts.................................................................................................................. 30 Table 3.5 Non-agricultural sources of income by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts..................................................................................... 32 Table 3.6 Casual labouring by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts.................................................................................................................. 34 Table 3.7 Animal ownership by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo............................................................................................................................... 36 Table 3.8 Ability to hire labourers by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo .............................................................................................................. 37 Table 3.9 Household food security by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts ................................................................................................. 39 Table 3.10 Quality of diet by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts.................................................................................................................. 40 Table 3.11 Housing by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts ............................................................................................................................. 42 Table 3.12 Health conditions by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts.................................................................................................................. 43 Table 3.13 Schooling of children by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts........................................................................................................... 45 Table 3.14 Dressing by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts ............................................................................................................................. 46 Table 3.15 Equality in gender relations by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts ................................................................................................. 50 Table 3.16 Women’s decision making by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo .............................................................................................................. 51 Table 3.17 Husband’s contribution towards household expenditures by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo ................................................................ 53 Table 3.18 Women’s sources of income by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo .................................................................................................. 54 Table 3.19 Women’s access to land by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo .............................................................................................................. 55 Table 3.20 Women’s animal ownership by household poverty level in Kabarole, Masaka, Pallisa, Rakai and Tororo districts ................................................................................................. 56 Table 4.1 Households “reached” by HASP, Farmers organizations, or DATICs by household poverty level ..................................................................................................................... 59 Table 4.2 Households reached by HASP, FO or DATICs by sex of the person(s) reached......... 60 Table 4.3 Topics of interventions (group-support, demonstrations, trials, advise, etc) mentioned by households reached by HASP and FO. ......................................................................... 61 Table 4.4 Households performing soil conservation by poverty level ........................................ 62 Table 4.5 Households performing soil-conservation by sex of head of household ..................... 63 Table 4.6 Households performing soil improvement by poverty level ....................................... 63 Table 4.6 Households performing soil improvement by sex of head of household..................... 64 Table 4.7 Households selling different crops by poverty level................................................... 65 Figures Figure 2.1 Average household poverty index value by options (score) on the 13 household poverty indicators 17 Figure 2.2 Distribution of households according to the household poverty index 20 Figure 2.3 Distribution of households according to the gender relations index 24 Figure 2.4 Average