Running head: WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 1 Perspectives On What It Means To Be An Adlerian In The 21st Century ______________________________________ A Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Adler Graduate School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Adlerian Counseling and Psychotherapy ______________________________________ By: Lori Ann Wagner May 2011 WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 1a Acknowledgments I would like to express my profound gratitude to my Master’s Chairperson Marina Bluvshtein for encouraging me every step of the way with this project. From suggesting a topic, to pushing me to go get the first interview, to gently persuading me to begin to write, and finally to harassing me to finish, Marina has been a guiding light. There may not “be any room for emotion” in a Bluvshtein class, but there is a lot of emotion in my appreciation for “the German” as a mentor and advisor. My gratitude and appreciation also goes to Susan Brokaw for serving as the Reader on this project and for always being an encouraging force for me at the Adler Graduate School. To all of those who served as interview subjects I owe each of you a debt of gratitude. Thank you so very much. Never in a million years did I think I would uncover the amazingly rich answers I got from such a simple question. You have given me hope that the Adlerian Archetype is alive and well and may be the answer to our local, national, international, and global crises. To John Reardon, who has taught me so much about how to be a therapist, counselor, and teacher, I owe great thanks for his faith in me. From the first day I met him, John urged us to consider our profession, our chosen vocations, and their Latin roots. Here I am taking up his challenge to speak for something, to give voice to a vision. Finally, to Catherine Cich and Tim Francisco, thank you for allowing me the space in our friendships to have the courage to be imperfect. Running head: WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 1b Abstract This paper investigates what it means to be an Adlerian and whether Adler‟s ideas have relevance in the 21st century. The research includes a literature review and a qualitative study in which twenty individuals were interviewed in-person during the 2010 North American Society of Adlerian Psychologists‟ annual meeting and another seven individuals provided written responses to a questionnaire afterwards. The interview consisted of basic demographic information and the question “What does it mean to be an Adlerian?” The data was analyzed to identify patterns in the responses based on sex, age, and length of exposure to Adlerian study that are described. An Adlerian Archetype is developed based on characteristics the author identifies from the literature and the interviews. The author concludes there is need for more research into the validity of the Adlerian Archetype and the usefulness of exposure to Adlerian Psychology for developing the identified characteristics. Should this research prove that greater exposure to Adlerian study promotes the development of the identified characteristics, the author proposes this shows a strong basis for increasing the profile of Adlerian theory. WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 1c Table of Contents Perspectives On What It Means To Be An Adlerian In The 21st Century What Does It Mean To Be An Adlerian? …………………………………………….. 2 Why Is This Question Important? ……………………………………………………. 2 And The Question Is? ..………………………………………………………………. 4 Is Adler Still Relevant In 2011? ……………………………………………………... 5 Literature Review ………………………………………………………….………… 8 The Tenets of Adlerian Psychology ……………………………………….……… 8 Everything can be different ………………………………………..……… 9 Gemeinschaftsgefühl …………………………………….……….…….……. 10 The empathic global citizen ……………………………………….……...….. 11 Social interest vs. community feeling ………………………….…….…….….. 12 Social interest: a distinct personality trait …………………….…….….….…. 14 Measuring social interest …………………………………………….…….…. 15 Master of our experiences ………………………………………….…….…….. 19 Sense of Self …………………………………………………………….…………… 19 Neurobiology and the self …………………………………………………….. 19 Holism ………………………………………………………………………… 22 Self-actualization ……………………………………………………………… 22 Knowing one‟s self ……………………………………………………….…… 24 Questioning one‟s self ………………………………………………….……… 24 Staking one‟s ground …………………………………………………………... 25 Defining one‟s self ………………………………………………………….. 26 Knowing one‟s place in the Adlerian world …………………...………………. 27 Cooperation ……………………………………………….……………………………. 29 Cooperative leadership …………………………………………………………. 30 The Courage to Be Imperfect ……………………………………………………..…… 31 Adaptive imperfectionism …………………………………………..…………. 33 WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 1c Open heart and humble inquiry ……………………………………………..…………. 34 The Interviews ……………………………………………………..…………………… 34 Description Of The Interviews …………………………………………………………… 35 Description Of The Interviewees ………………………………………………………… 35 Summary of The Results ……………………………………………….….……………… 37 Striving to be Adlerian …………………………………………………………… 38 Everything can be different ……………………………………………….……… 39 Encouraging ………………………………………………………………..…….. 39 A lens to view the world ………………………………………………...……….. 40 Flexible……………………………………………………………………………. 41 Living the principles ……………………………………………………………… 41 The women…………………………………………..……………………………. 42 The men …………………………………………………………………………... 43 More about the women …………………………………………………………… 46 Implications of the difference …………………………………………………… 46 Questions and implications ………………………………………………………. 50 Developing ego identity through Adler ……………………………………..…………… 51 Erikson‟s eighth stage…………………………………………………………….. 51 Erikson‟s seventh stage …………………..………………………………………. 52 Erikson‟s sixth stage …………………………………………..………………… 53 Ego integrity …………………………………………………………………….... 53 Tribal elders ……………………………………………………………………… 54 Generativity ……………………………………………………………………… 55 Connecting ……………………………………………………………………….. 57 How the interviewees are doing ………………………………………………….. 58 Limitations ……………………………………………………………………….. 59 Implications ……….…………………………………………………………. 59 Empathy and Neurology ……………..……………………………………………..…… 59 Limitations ……………………………………………………………………….. 60 Implications ……….……………………………………………………………… 60 WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 1c Discussion ………………………..…………………………………………………..….. 61 The Adlerian Archetype ………………………………………………………………… 61 Implications ……………………………………………………………………… 62 Fig. 1 – The Adlerian Archetype …………………………………………………………. 65 References ……………………………………………………………………………….. 66 WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 2 Perspectives On What It Means To Be An Adlerian In The 21st Century "… we now leave rightly the ground of absolute certitude, on which so many psychologists bustle about" (Adler as cited in Moore, 1954, p. 6). What Does It Mean To Be An Adlerian? Is “being an Adlerian” as simple as asserting one applies the ideas and principles of Alfred Adler in his or her work? Does being an Adlerian require having studied at an institution that teaches Individual Psychology in the curriculum? How many books or articles must one read before one becomes “an Adlerian?” Is a two-week stint at ICASSI enough? Must one have studied with one of Adler‟s disciples? If one does not hold to the original three tasks of life is one still “a true Adlerian?” Is there a litmus test for just how Adlerian one is or is not? This paper explores what it means to be an Adlerian through a literature review and a qualitative study that is described. Ultimately an Adlerian Archetype is developed. First, we address why this question is being raised, then a brief discussion of whether Adler‟s theories hold relevance in 2011 follows. Why Is This Question Important? Perusing The Journal of Individual Psychology one recognizes the issue of what it means to be an Adlerian has sparked controversy over the years. Rudolf Dreikurs (1972) and James Bitter (2007) have published articles entitled “Am I an Adlerian? Harold Mosak (2003) made comparable statements in a memorable lecture. Len Sperry (2007) devised an entire organizational scheme by which to categorize the degree of “Adlerianism” in one‟s theoretical orientation. From where did these identity crises arise? WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN ADLERIAN 3 In the summer of 1997, Arthur Freeman in speaking to the North American Society of Adlerian Psychologists (NĀSAP) raised the following concerns: [Adler‟s] revolutionary ideas of seven decades ago have become dogma in the latter part of the century. A cult of personality has grown up with the intent of looking back at where we were „in the good old days‟ and has failed to carry Adler‟s ideas and ideals forward into the 21st century. (1999, p. 130) Freeman noted there seemed to be few Adlerians and the numbers were dwindling even lower. He feared that retiring members were not being replaced by a younger generation. He argued that Individual Psychology had been one of the most “covertly influential forces in psychology and psychotherapy” (1999, p. 137) perhaps because Adlerians found it too undemocratic or self-aggrandizing to take credit for the importance of their work. He cited Kopp‟s comment that Adlerians are “one of the few groups that aspire to be a footnote” (1999, p. 138). This certainly seems consistent with Adler‟s own lifestyle. It has been said about him that Adler‟s goal was to make the world a better place, not to leave a legacy or become a legend (Carlson, Watts, & Maniacci, 2006). Yet those, like myself, who find his work compelling and believe that Adler‟s ideas are important, do not want those ideas to