Supporting Information for Low-Priority Substance D-Gluconic Acid (CASRN 526-95-4) Final Designation February 20, 2020 Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20460 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Background on D-Gluconic Acid .............................................................................................................................. 8 3. Physical-Chemical Properties ................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 4. Relevant Assessment History ................................................................................................................................. 12 5. Conditions of Use ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 6. Hazard Characterization .......................................................................................................................................... 18 6.1 Human Health Hazard .......................................................................................................................................... 21 6.1.1 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion ................................................................................... 23 6.1.2 Acute Toxicity ....................................................................................................................................... 24 6.1.3 Repeated Dose Toxicity ........................................................................................................................ 24 6.1.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity ........................................................................................... 25 6.1.5 Genotoxicity .......................................................................................................................................... 25 6.1.6 Carcinogenicity ..................................................................................................................................... 26 6.1.7 Neurotoxicity ......................................................................................................................................... 27 6.1.8 Skin Sensitization ................................................................................................................................. 27 6.1.9 Respiratory Sensitization ...................................................................................................................... 27 6.1.10 Immunotoxicity .................................................................................................................................... 28 6.1.11 Skin Irritation ....................................................................................................................................... 28 6.1.12 Eye Irritation ........................................................................................................................................ 28 6.1.13 Hazards to Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ........................................................ 29 6.2 Environmental Hazard .......................................................................................................................................... 29 6.2.1 Acute Aquatic Toxicity .......................................................................................................................... 29 6.2.2 Chronic Aquatic Toxicity ....................................................................................................................... 29 6.3 Persistence and Bioaccumulation Potential ......................................................................................................... 30 6.3.1 Persistence ........................................................................................................................................... 30 6.3.2 Bioaccumulation Potential .................................................................................................................... 30 i 7. Exposure Characterization ...................................................................................................................................... 31 7.1 Production Volume Information ............................................................................................................................ 31 7.2 Exposures to the Environment ............................................................................................................................. 31 7.3 Exposures to the General Population ................................................................................................................... 32 7.4 Exposures to Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................................... 32 7.4.1 Exposures to Workers .......................................................................................................................... 32 7.4.2 Exposures to Consumers ..................................................................................................................... 32 8. Summary of Findings ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 8.1 Hazard and Exposure Potential of the Chemical Substance ......................................................................... 34 8.2 Persistence and Bioaccumulation .................................................................................................................. 35 8.3 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................................................... 35 8.4 Storage near Significant Sources of Drinking Water ..................................................................................... 36 8.5 Conditions of Use or Significant Changes in Conditions of Use of the Chemical Substance ........................ 37 8.6 The Volume or Significant Changes in Volume of the Chemical Substance Manufactured or Processed .... 37 8.7 Other Considerations ..................................................................................................................................... 38 9. Final Designation .............................................................................................................................................................. 39 Appendix A: Conditions of Use Characterization ................................................................................................................. I A.1 CDR Manufacturers and Production Volume .......................................................................................................... I A.2 Uses ........................................................................................................................................................................ I A.2.1 Methods for Uses ............................................................................................................................. I A.2.2 Uses of D-Gluconic acid ................................................................................................................ IV A.3 References ................................................................................................................................................ XVIII Appendix B: Hazard Characterization .............................................................................................................................. XXII B.1 References ..................................................................................................................................................... XXXVI Appendix C: Literature Search Outcomes .................................................................................................................... XXXIX C.1 Literature Search and Review ................................................................................................................. XXXIX C.1.1 Search for Analog Data ........................................................................................................... XXXIX C.1.2 Search Terms and Results ........................................................................................................... XL C.2 Excluded Studies and Rationale .................................................................................................................... XLVIII C.2.1 Human Health Hazard Excluded References ......................................................................... XLVIII C.2.2 Environmental Hazard .................................................................................................................. LX ii C.2.3 Fate......................................................................................................................................... LXVIII iii Tables Table 1: D-Gluconic Acid at a Glance ………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Table 2: Physical-Chemical Properties for D-Gluconic Acid