SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Volume 44, No. 3, 2016 DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2016.44.3 Published in Russian and English CONTENTS PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE 3 A.P. Derevianko. The Middle Paleolithic of the Levant 37 T.Y. Nomokonova, O.I. Goriunova, R.J. Losey, A.G. Novikov, and A.W. Weber. Faunal Remains from the Early Complexes of the Sagan-Zaba II Multilayered Habitation Site (9120–7880 cal BP) in the Cis-Baikal: Planigraphy, Subsistence Patterns, and Seasonality THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD 47 V.P. Mylnikov and A.A. Tishkin. Wooden Saddle-Trees from Yaloman II in the Altai: An Interdisciplinary Analysis 56 Y.V. Frolov. A Scythian Age Sword from the Forest-Steppe Altai 63 V.N. Adayev and O.Y. Zimina. Above-Ground Frame Buildings in Western Siberia: Archaeological and Ethnographic Parallels 72 B.B. Besetayev and E.M. Kariyev. New Evidence on the Early Saka Horse Harness from Eastern Kazakhstan 79 V.I. Molodin, I.A. Durakov, and L.S. Kobeleva. “Caster’s Cache” from Tartas-1, Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) Culture, Baraba Forest-Steppe 87 A.P. Borodovsky and A.V. Tabarev. Modeling the Deformation of Bone Points: Archaeological and Experimental Data 93 T.N. Glushkova, Y.A. Senyurina, S.F. Tataurov, and S.S. Tikhonov. Woven, Knitted, and Wattled 17th–18th Century Textiles from Tara Fortress, Western Siberia 101 K.Y. Kiryushin and N.F. Stepanova. Ceramics from Novoilyinka III, a Chalcolithic Site in Kulunda, Western Siberia ETHNOLOGY 111 D.V. Arzyutov. Shatra and Jurt: The “Return Address” in the Altaian Ritual 121 V.A. Ivanov. The Distribution of Bashkir Tribes Before and During their Integration into the Russian State 130 O.K. Ansimova and O.V. Golubkova. Mythological Characters of the Domestic Space in Russian Folk Beliefs: Lexicographic and Ethnographic Aspects ANTHROPOLOGY AND PALEOGENETICS 139 A.V. Zubova. Dental Anthropology of the Mesolithic and Neolithic Populations of the Eastern European Forest-Steppe Zone 150 T.A. Chikisheva, S.M. Slepchenko, A.V. Zubova, V.S. Slavinsky, A.A. Tsybankov, N.I. Drozdov, and D.N. Lysenko. An Upper Paleolithic Human Mandible and a First Cervical Vertebra from Afontova Gora II 158 ABBREVIATIONS 159 CONTRIBUTORS ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Volume 44, No. 3, 2016 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief: Founded in January, 2000 A quarterly journal in Russian and English A.P. Derevianko (Russia) Associate Editor-in-Chief: Founders Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Molodin (Russia) Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Executive Secretaries: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Baulo, S.V. Markin, S.P. Nesterov, Mass media registration certificate and D.V. Pozdnyakov (Russia) No. 018782 issued May 11, 1999 H.A. Amirkhanov (Russia), A.P. Buzhilova (Russia), T.A. Chikisheva (Russia), J. Chochorowski (Poland), H.-P. Francfort (France), P.G. Gaidukov (Russia), Gao Xing (People’s Republic of China), A.V. Golovnev (Russia), S. Hansen (Germany), E. Jacobson-Tepfer (USA), J. Jaubert (France), A.G. Kozintsev (Russia), N.N. Kradin (Russia), C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (USA), N.A. Makarov (Russia), J.W. Olsen (USA), G. Parzinger (Germany), S. Pääbo (Germany), Editors of the original A. Ronen (Israel), D.G. Savinov (Russia), Russian texts Sekiya Akira (Japan), N.M. Andjievskaya M.V. Shunkov (Russia), V.A. Tishkov (Russia), T.V. Romanenko N.A. Tomilov (Russia), S.A. Vasiliev (Russia), Issuing Editor Wang Wei (China), V.S. Zykin (Russia) Y.A. Zhuravleva Designer I.P. Gemueva EDITORIAL COUNCIL Russian texts translated by V.A. Baranov O. Bar-Yosef (USA), V.V. Bobrov (Russia), A.A. Evteev V.P. Chabai (Ukraine), E.N. Chernykh (Russia), A.G. Kozintsev E.G. Devlet (Russia), N.I. Drozdov (Russia), E.Y. Pankeyeva A.V. Epimakhov (Russia), V.S. Peysakhovich V.I. Vaneev Y.S. Hudiakov (Russia), Kang In Uk (Republic of Korea), English texts revised by Y.F. Kiryushin (Russia), L. Baranova Lee Heon-jong (Republic of Korea), P. Magnussen Lee Yung-jo (Republic of Korea), D.O. Lordkipanidze (Georgia), V.E. Medvedev (Russia), R.M. Munchaev (Russia), A. Nagler (Germany), IAET SB RAS Publishing V.V. Napolskikh (Russia), E.N. Nosov (Russia), Postal address: Ono Akira (Japan), M.B. Piotrovsky (Russia), Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography N.V. Polosmak (Russia), A.D. Pryakhin (Russia), Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Z.S. Samashev (Republic of Kazakhstan), Tel.: (383) 330-83-66 A.F. Shorin (Russia), E-mail: [email protected] Z.K. Taimagambetov (Republic of Kazakhstan), A.A. Tishkin (Russia), D. Tseveendorj (Mongolia) © Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2016 © Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2016 PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2016.44.3.003-036 A.P. Derevianko Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected] The Middle Paleolithic of the Levant* This study explores the origin and development of the Middle Paleolithic in the Levant—a region critical for understanding the dispersal of anatomically modern humans. The technological and typological features of the regional Middle Paleolithic industry indicate its distinctiveness, opposing it to other contemporaneous industries of Africa and Eurasia. Some peculiarities concern reduction techniques relating to the emergence and spread of the Levallois and blade technique, which had local Acheulo-Yabrudian roots. The Levantine Middle Paleolithic industry was associated with both anatomically modern humans and Palestinian Neanderthals, who had originated during the Middle Pleistocene from a taxon that was an outcome of hybridization between Homo heidelbergensis and local archaic hominins. Keywords: Acheulo-Yabrudian industry, Middle Paleolithic, Mousterian, Pleistocene, Levallois, blade industry, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens. Introduction by different researchers, may serve as a sad example. Its richest collections are housed in various research In the Near East, the Levantine Middle Paleolithic is establishments, but it is quite likely that some artifacts the best-studied period, and has been investigated by have been lost (Marks, Volkman, 1986). many renowned European and American scientists. This In this paper, we have analyzed the published data has had a great positive impact, as the fi eld research obtained from research works focused on the Levantine carried out at deeply and well-stratified cave- and Middle Paleolithic, and drawn up hypotheses on the key open-air sites has resulted in a rich array of data, with aspects of cultural genesis and anthropogenesis in the subsequent summarization in large monographic studies area at issue. While drawing general conclusions, we and hundreds of publications. But a negative implication proceeded from the basic assumptions as follows. The is that fi nds originating from the same localities are Levantine Middle Paleolithic showed a fundamental scattered across scientific institutions in different difference from the African Stone Age and the European countries; and it appears that some are now lost forever. Mousterian. Its origins come from the Acheulo- The fate of Ksar A kil, a unique open-air site studied Yabrudian industry, therefore it is necessary to avoid using such a term as the “Levantine Mousterian”. *Supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project The Mousterian industry was developed by European No. 14-50-00036). Neanderthals. In the Levant, during the Middle Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 44/3 (2016) 3–36 Email: [email protected] © 2016 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences © 2016 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences © 2016 A.P. Derevianko 3 4 A.P. Derevianko / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 44/3 (2016) 3–36 Pleistocene*, an evolutionary process appears to lower layers (G and F) yielded Tayacian industry have occurred with the arrival of H. heidelbergensis, of the advanced Acheulean; the overlying Layer E resulting in the formation of H. sapiens (Skhul and revealed non-Levallois blades, in association with the Qafzeh) and Palestinian Neanderthals (Amud, Kebara, Acheulo-Yabrudian industry with bifacial tools; the Tabun). upper layers of the cave (D, C, B) were dated to the Middle Paleolithic (Monigal, 2001). The analysis of stone implements, conducted Archaeological aspect by researchers who study the Levantine Middle Paleolithic, is based mainly on their technological The Levantine Middle Paleolithic technocomplexes are characteristics. A. Marks draws attention to the fact that found to be the striking and original ones among African in the process of typological analysis, all investigators and Eurasian lithic industries. This particular feature has recognize certain types of tools (single scrapers, end- been emphasized by many researchers (Bar-Yosef, 2006; scrapers), and note differences between backed knives Hovers, Belfer-Cohen, 2013; and others). D. Garrod, one and poorly retouched scrapers. However, such stone of the fi rst scientists who studied the Middle Paleolithic tools as recloirs, pseudo-Levallois points, denticulates of Israel, had recognized a lithic industry associated and Mousterian tranchets cannot always be identifi