ICTSD Programme on Trade and Environment Mapping Climate Mitigation Technologies and Associated Goods within the Buildings Sector Anandajit Goswami, Mitali Dasgupta and Nitya Nanda The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) Acknowledgement: The report has been prepared based on the existing TERI research dealing with energy efficiency in residential and commercial buildings. Also technical inputs from Ms. Mili Majumdar, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Ms. Priyanka Kochhar, Mr. Nitya Nanda, Dr. Mitali Dasgupta, Dr. Pradeep Kumar Dadhich, Ms. Parimita Mohanty, Mr. Girish Sethi, Dr. Ligia Noronha and other technical experts have been useful in framing this report. The authors and ICTSD are grateful for the valuable comments and recommendations received from the lead reviewers Diana Urge- Vorsatz and Mark Levine (both IPCC Coordinating Lead Authors for the Buildings Chapter of the IPCC Working Group III’s 4th Assessment report).They also highly appreciate the valuable comments received from Niclas Svenningsen, Sustainable Consumption and Production Branch, UNEP and Casper Tigchelaar from the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands. Report Formatting – Mr. Shyam Sunder Nayar, Mr. M. K. Bineesan Table of contents Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: An Overview of the Findings of the IPCC Working Group III on Building for Mitigation and the ‘Wedges’ Analysis by Pacala and Socolow..................................................................................2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Trends in Building sector energy consumption and emissions.............................................................. 3 GHG mitigation options in buildings .................................................................................................... 9 Energy and cost saving potential......................................................................................................... 10 Barriers to adopting building technologies and practices that reduce GHG emissions ....................... 10 Policies to promote GHG mitigation in buildings ............................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: Key mitigation technologies/goods within the building sector that are commercially available in developing countries .............................................................................................................26 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Overview of energy efficiency in some developing countries ............................................................ 28 Options for reducing energy consumption .......................................................................................... 30 Residential building............................................................................................................................. 32 Commercial building........................................................................................................................... 32 Insulation ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Techniques for building roof insulation .............................................................................................. 38 Conventional roof insulation practices ........................................................................................... 38 Underdeck Insulation ................................................................................................................. 39 Overdeck Insulation ................................................................................................................... 40 Glazing ................................................................................................................................................ 44 Shading................................................................................................................................................ 45 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning............................................................................... 45 Application of efficient appliances in residential and commercial sector....................................... 45 Heating and Cooling Systems......................................................................................................... 47 Daylighting, Household Appliances, Consumer Electronics and Office Equipment .......................... 48 Lighting........................................................................................................................................... 48 Energy saving potential in new buildings (in lighting) .............................................................. 50 Energy saving potential in existing buildings (in lighting and space conditioning only)........... 51 Light Sources and Lighting Systems.......................................................................................... 52 Incandescent GLS Bulbs........................................................................................................ 52 Tungsten Halogen Lamps ...................................................................................................... 52 CFL........................................................................................................................................ 52 Energy Saving with CFL ....................................................................................................... 52 Linear Fluorescent Lamps ..................................................................................................... 53 Super HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lamps............................................................................ 53 Light Emitting Diodes ........................................................................................................... 54 Solid State (Electronic) Ballasts ............................................................................................ 54 Energy Efficient Appliances................................................................................................................ 55 Application of efficient appliances in residential and commercial sector....................................... 55 Super Market Refrigeration System ........................................................................................... 55 Active Collection and Transformation of Solar Energy ...................................................................... 55 Energy saving potential through solar thermal system ................................................................... 55 Energy savings through Solar Energy Applications for Lighting, Heating and Cooking ............... 56 Solar Water Heating ................................................................................................................... 56 Solar Photovoltaic ...................................................................................................................... 57 Solar Thermal............................................................................................................................. 57 Solar Cooker............................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3: Key mitigation technologies/goods subject to R&D but with strong prospects of near to medium term deployment in developing countries....................................................................................59 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Daylighting, Household Appliances, Consumer Electronics and Office Equipment .......................... 59 Sensors............................................................................................................................................ 60 Energy efficient appliances............................................................................................................. 60 Thermal Envelope ............................................................................................................................... 61 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System............................................................................. 61 Active collection and transformation of solar energy.......................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4: Policies for promotion of energy efficiency in residential and commercial buildings .....65 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 68 ANNEX I – Tables.............................................................................................................................. 70 References ..........................................................................................................................................130 List of tables and figures Table 1.1 : CO2 emissions from buildings ...............................................................................................