SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 27 September 2018 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5435 Pest categorisation of non-EU Monochamus spp. EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Virag Kertesz and Panagiotis Milonas Abstract The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non-EU Monochamus spp., a well-defined insect genus in the family Cerambycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Species can be identified using taxonomic keys at national and regional level, and DNA barcoding. Two online world catalogues exist for the genus. The genus includes about one hundred species and many subspecies colonising conifers and non-conifer trees in many areas in the world. The non-EU species are listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Although Monochamus spp. colonise weakened or dead trees and have therefore no direct impact, some species vector the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which they inoculate to healthy trees when they proceed to maturation feeding on twigs, causing high mortality among pines in Asia and the EU (Portugal). Sixteen species in Asia and America attack conifers. The main pathways for entry are raw untreated wood and wood products, wood packaging material, particle wood and waste wood, finished wood products and hitchhiking. Monochamus species were categorised in two groups. The first group includes 16 species colonising conifers and absent in the EU known or likely to vector the pine wood nematode. The species in this group satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Measures are in place to prevent the introduction of Monochamus with coniferous wood. The second group gathers all the remaining species, all non-EU species colonising non-conifers. These do not satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. As plants for planting are not a pathway for Monochamus spp., and as most of the species within these groups are absent from the EU territory, the two groups do not meet the criteria to be considered as regulated non-quarantine pests. © 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Keywords: European Union, pest risk, plant health, quarantine, sawyer beetles, pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00369 Correspondence: [email protected] www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal EFSA Journal 2018;16(11):5435 Non-EU Monochamus spp.: Pest categorisation Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Anne Marie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L. Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala Acknowledgements: The Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific output. Suggested citation: EFSA Plant Health Panel (EFSA PLH Panel), Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Fejer Justesen A, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H-H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, ZappalaL,Gr egoire J-C, Kertesz V and Milonas P, 2018. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of non-EU Monochamus spp. EFSA Journal 2018;16(11):5435, 35 pp. https://doi.org/ 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5435 ISSN: 1831-4732 © 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2018;16(11):5435 Non-EU Monochamus spp.: Pest categorisation Table of contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor.................................................. 4 1.1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference....................................................................................... 8 2. Data and methodologies .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Data........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Literature search ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2. Database search ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Methodologies............................................................................................................................. 9 3. Pest categorisation ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Identity and biology of the pest.................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1. Identity and taxonomy................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2. Biology of the pest ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.3. Intraspecific diversity................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.4. Detection and identification of the pest......................................................................................... 13 3.2. Pest distribution .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1. Pest distribution outside the EU.................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2. Pest distribution in the EU............................................................................................................ 17 3.3. Regulatory status ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.3.1. Council Directive 2000/29/EC ....................................................................................................... 18 3.3.2. Legislation addressing the hosts of Monochamus spp..................................................................... 18 3.3.3. Legislation addressing the organisms vectored by Monochamus spp. (Directive 2000/29/EC) ............ 19 3.4. Entry, establishment and spread in the EU .................................................................................... 19 3.4.1. Host range.................................................................................................................................. 19 3.4.2. Entry .......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.4.3. Establishment ............................................................................................................................. 20 3.4.3.1. EU distribution of main host plants ............................................................................................... 20 3.4.3.2. Climatic conditions affecting establishment.................................................................................... 20 3.4.4. Spread ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.5. Impacts ...................................................................................................................................... 21 3.6. Availability