Th e p e rs o n cha rging this mate r ia l i s sp o ns ibl e fo r its r e tu rn o n o r b e fo re am e b el o L a t e st Da te st p d w . The ft mutila ti n a nd und e rlinin o f b ks , o , g oo a re re a so ns fo r discip lina ry a ctio n a nd ma y d ismi a l f r m the Univ r it re sult in ss o e s y . U nive rsity o f I llino i s L ib rary L 1 6 1 0 - 1 096 HI S TO RY ONE OF ITS INHA BITA NTS MICHEL M. A L O UF “ App ro ved by the G eogr aphical So cieties ~ o f Pari s merica G erm an el ium , A , y , B g , b the Univer sit o f sala y y Up , l i r f n b he R a L b ar o er lin e . ad t tc etc . y oy y B , , TW EL FTH ED I TI O N rr evi s e d a n d com l e te d ‘ p Cath oli c Pr i nti ng Pr ess Bei r ut HI S TO RY ONE OF ITS INHA BITA NTS MICHEL M. A L O UF App r o v ed by th e G e ogr a phical So ci etie s o f a r i s m e r ica G e r m an el iu m P , A , y , B g , b th e Un iv er sit o f U sa l a y y p , b h Ro al ib r ar o f e r lin a nd t e e tc . y y L y B , , T W EL FTH E D I TI O N r e vi s e d a n d comp l e t e d All i h rg ts reserved. Cath oli c Pr i nti ng P r e s s Be i r ut . TO THE FIRST EDITI ON . It would be superfluous to enumerate the motives led me i e i k The - i e f that to wr t th s boo . world w d ame of the rui ns of Baalbek draws crowds of admiring tour ists e and n in ef e e e n e fu mon y arly , sta d g b or th s wo d r l angers feel over whelmed by their beauty the historical and architectural questions e ke No n e i i n in e e vo . co t mporary h stor a hav g v r tried i e i f n e ei e to ei k to g v sat s actory a sw rs , th r as th r i in or e I e i e do and en e ser or g , dat , hav tr d to so r d r a i e nt and its i i v c to my cou ry v s tors . I e n inf i n ei e f hav draw my ormat o , th r rom docu nts i I e een e e e n o r , wh ch hav b abl to coll ct p rso ally, ' rom the k of i i n a ei i n M wor s h stor a s, lthough th r allus o s h im een ve to t e town were often vagu e . My a has b to ve the reader a clea r and concise version of authentic cts obeying the well- k now n sayi ng that Brevity A in the e er the of wit. n soul y shortcom gs, r ad ‘ ust attribute to my youth and the difficulty of writ in in f ei n n e b g a or g la guag . ( 1 8 9 0) I NTRO D UC TI O N Thanks to the favorable reception of the History of ek iffe en ien i ie ie the Baalb , by d r t sc t fic Soc t s, by i n e e e ve ae i Syr a Pr ss , as w ll as by s ral arch olog cal schol now fee en e to ffe the i ars , I l courag d o r to publ c a com e e i pletely revis d d tion. If the result of six years of patient research and n ien i k ee i ei co sc t ous wor m ts w th th r approval, I shall e e f f ien e e u ffe fe l mys l su fic tly r ward d . I o ght to o r my most sincere thanks to the G eographical Societies of i of the ni e e of e n and of Bel Par s , U t d Stat s, G rma y - gium for thei r ever ready aid a nd encouragement . Many additions have been made to this twelfth e i i n w i i ke it ef and in e e i n d t o , h ch w ll ma a us ul t r st g e the i guid to tour st . The en i n of ek e i is i a v ro s Baalb , whos h story so timatel nne e i of the i i se f are des y co ct d w th that c ty t l , cribed i n this volum e . iffe en e are e out for the i Four d r t rout s mapp d tour st, who desires to visit systematically th ese i nteresting nd i e e i e rui ns a p ctur squ s t s . h i e on i i ek on the l 0t of em Wh l a v s t to Baalb , Nov “l ber 1 8 9 8 the G e n e i i I I e ( , rma Emp ror, W ll am , whos keen i nterest i n all questions connected with ar t and ien i e e is e - k n n e i e the sc t fic r s arch w ll ow , d c d d that honour of throwing light upon the obscure history of i e e e n of e in f e ene i n th s c l brat d tow , l av g to utur g rat o s the n of ese n en i n the i i n and pla s th mo um ts, both or g al in ei e en e and of e in e f m the th r pr s t stat , prot ct g th m ro e and e of i e if i e be e e ve to w ar t ar t m , should , poss bl , r s r d the savants and archaeological scholars of his own un co try . The Sultan havi ng authorised the G ermans to n e ke i k the e l no i e in en u d rta th s wor , Emp ror ost t m s d ing a mission composed of the ablest engineers under the direction of the celebrated archaeologist Professor 0 Puchstein k e n . e n . e i Wor was start d at o c Cl ar g , excavating and exploring occupied the period extend i ng from September 1 9 00 until March 1 9 04 ; then they were able to ascertain which of these monuments were of Roman or of Byzantin origin and what parts h d een e the a b add d by Arabs . I n my previous editions of the history of Baal bek n f f the e i ie , I had draw my acts rom b st author t s en kn n the new i n on the e th ow , but l ght throw subj ct the e n i i n on e in by G rma M ss o shows, that, som po ts, my f i n was i ne in the i e ies i n ormat o xact . Profit g by d scov r of the German Mission and by those I have made e f e een e ke m n o e i n 1 11 mys l , I hav b abl to ma a y c rr ct o s he e en k I n the f e e i i n of k t . pr s t wor orm r d t o my boo , in e e n one e e en i n the i i n I s rt d two pla s, r pr s t g or g al e of the e e one in t ei e en con stat t mpl , show g h r pr s t i i n d t o . These plans were the most exact to be obtained at that time ; the German Mission have provided us with i e ne nk e e een e e e . mor pr c s o s Tha s to th m , I hav b abl i e in i e i i n the n of the e e ef e to g v , th s d t o , pla s t mpl s, b or they were touch ed by eith er the Byzantines or the i in i e of the n e r of Arabs, thus g v g a good d a gra d u ve e RomanArchitecture at its apogee .