Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2020 Evaporation Rate from Free Water Surface Safa M. Aldarabseh Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Aldarabseh, Safa M., "Evaporation Rate from Free Water Surface" (2020). Dissertations. 3628. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3628 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVAPORATION RATE FROM FREE WATER SURFACE by Safa M. Aldarabseh A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Mechanical Engineering Western Michigan University April 2020 Doctoral Committee: Parviz Merati, Ph.D., Chair Tianshu Liu, Ph.D. Chris Cho, Ph.D. Dewei Qi, Ph.D © 2020 Safa M. Aldarabseh EVAPORATION RATE FROM FREE WATER SURFACE Safa M. Aldarabseh, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2020 This work aims to perform an experiment in the laboratory and investigate the effect of the wave steepness, airflow velocity, air relative humidity, air temperature, and water surface temperature on the evaporation rate from still and wavy water surface. In this investigation, the experimental results are used to quantify an evaporation rate from a still and wavy water surface under different convection regimes that are free, mixed, and forced convection under turbulent airflow conditions. Empirical correlations are also derived using the experimental results based on modified Dalton’s law and Similarity method (analogy between mass and heat transfer equation). In this experiment, the applicability of two of these approaches (similarity theory and Dalton’s law) to predict the evaporation models are investigated. The empirical correlations are obtained in this experiment for natural, mixed, and forced convection under turbulent airflow conditions based on modified Dalton’s law and are verified by comparing with 12 empirical correlations found in the literature. The laboratory measurements are made using the large wave tank-wind tunnel combination in which both wind speed and wave parameters are controlled. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my sincere appreciation to my faculty advisor, Prof. Parviz Merati, for his guidance and support throughout this dissertation effort. I would also like to thank the members of my graduate committee, Prof. Tianshu Liu, Prof. Chris Cho, and Prof. Dewei Qi, for taking the time to review my work. I would like to thank Mr. Peter Thannhauser for his help during the experimental work. I would like to thank my friends to stay behind me all the time, Ayat, Esra’a, Ruqayya, and Amal. Especially Amal, she heard a lot from me about the struggles and problems I faced during the journey of my Ph.D. studies and she knows about my Ph.D. research more than anyone. I would like to extend my thanks to my family for their support. Especially my mother is the most important reason for my success, not only in my studies but also in my whole life. I would also like to thank my sisters (Wafa’a, Tahani, Anood), and my brothers (Hani, and Amer) for their love and support. I would like to thank my uncle Ali Dabory, and this experiment would not have been successful without his help. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to the best and strongest mother in the world my mom and the soul of my father. Safa M. Aldarabseh ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Motivation ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................................................................... 10 2. RELATED WORK ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Methods for Estimation Evaporation Rate from Water Surface ..................................................... 11 2.1.1 Evaporimeter Method ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Analytical Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Empirical Evaporation Correlations Experimental Results-Based ........................................... 19 2.2 Air-Water Interface Transport ..................................................................................................................... 34 2.3 Convection Process............................................................................................................................................ 41 2.3.1 Natural Convection ....................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Forced Convection ........................................................................................................................................ 45 2.3.3 Mixed Convection .......................................................................................................................................... 47 2.4 Thermophysical Properties ........................................................................................................................... 48 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 59 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP and METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 61 3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................ 61 3.2 Experimental Setup and Measurements ................................................................................................... 61 3.2.1 Experimental Setup ...................................................................................................................................... 61 3.2.2 Experimental Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 66 3.2.3 Temperature Measurements .................................................................................................................... 67 3.2.4 Relative Humidity, Total Pressure, and Density Measurements ............................................... 68 3.2.5 Wave Parameter Measurements ............................................................................................................. 68 iii Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER 3.2.6 Air Velocity Measurements ....................................................................................................................... 90 3.2.7 Evaporation Rate Measurements......................................................................................................... 102 3.3 Errors Evaluation ............................................................................................................................................ 103 3.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................... 105 4. RESULTS and DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 106 4.1 Still Water Surface .......................................................................................................................................... 106 4.1.1 Using Modified Dalton’s Law ................................................................................................................. 106 4.1.2 Using Similarity