glossary 1 Early Arabic Orators This chronological list offers dates and brief biographies for all Arabic orators from the early, oral period mentioned in the present volume.1 ʿAbdallāh ibn al-ʿAbbās (d. 68/686), Muḥammad’s cousin, and ʿAlī’s cousin, governor and strong supporter, prolific hadith narrator and scholar cited in both Sunni and Shiʿi sources. ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Ahtam (d. after 99/717), ascetic preacher, admonished the Umayyad caliph ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿĀmir (or ʿAmr) al-Ḥaḍramī (d. 38/658), supporter of Muʿāwiyah, tried to wrest Basra from ʿAlī’s governor. ʿAbdallāh ibn Badīl (d. after 37/657), chieftain of the Khuzāʿah tribe, among ʿAlī’s sup- porters at Ṣiffīn. ʿAbdallāh ibn Jaʿfar (d. after 80/699), ʿAlī’s nephew, son-in-law, and supporter. ʿAbdallāhibnMuṭīʿal-ʿAdawī (d. 73/692), Ibn al-Zubayr’s tax collector in Kufa, key player in Medinan revolt against Umayyads. ʿAbdallāh ibnWahb al-Rāsibī (d. 38/658), Khārijite leader from Bajīlah tribe, killed fight- ing against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. ʿAbdallāh ibn Yaḥyā al-Ibāḍī al-Kindī (d. after 129/747), Khārijite commander, con- quered parts of Yemen. ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Zubayr (d. 73/692), son of Companion Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, claimant to the caliphate, controlled the Ḥijāz and Iraq for a decade, often referred to as Ibn al-Zubayr. ʿAbd al-Malik (d. 86/705), Umayyad caliph. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (d. ca. 579AD), patriarch of the Hāshim clan of Quraysh, Muḥammad’s paternal grandfather. ʿAbd Rabbih al-Ṣaghīr (d. after 75/694), Azraqī Khārijite leader. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (d. 172/788), Umayyad prince who set up the dynasty’s rule in Spain. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (d. ca. 31/652), early Muslim convert from Quraysh, supporter of Abū Bakr, one of the Shūrā Council. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Shurayḥ (d. after 66/686), supporter of Mukhtār’s pro-ʿAlid Kufan revolt. 1 Information on these orators has been culled from multiple sources, including EI2, EI3, EIr, medieval biographical dictionaries, and a variety of online searches. early arabic orators 553 Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī (d. 52/672), Companion of the Prophet and supporter of ʿAlī, took part in the conquest of Egypt and later in Muʿāwiyah’s expedition against Con- stantinople. Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh (or ibn Muḥammad) (d. after 100/719), Umayyad governor of Medina. Abū Bakr ibn Abī Quḥāfah (13/23), Muḥammad’s father in-law (father of ʿĀʾishah), first of the four Sunni caliphs. Abū l-Dardāʾ al-Anṣārī (32/652), Muḥammad’s Companion, “brother” to Salmān al- Fārisī, Qurʾan reciter and judge of Damascus. Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, Jundub ibn Junādah (d. ca. 32/652), Muḥammad’s Companion, ʿAlī’s strong supporter, ascetic preacher, exiled by ʿUthmān to Rabadhah. Abū Ḥamzah al-Shārī (d. 130/748), Khārijite commander of the Azd tribe, native of Basra, occupied Mecca and Medina. Abū l-Haytham Mālik ibn al-Tīhān (d. 37/657), early Companion of Muḥammad from the Allies, supporter of ʿAlī who fought with him, killed at Ṣiffīn. AbūLahab (d. 2/624), Muḥammad’s paternal uncle and enemy, consigned by the Qurʾan with his wife to hellfire. Abū Mūsā l-Ashʿarī (d. after 40/660), appointed governor of Basra by ʿUmar, took part in the conquest of Iraq, arbiter from ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, moved to depose his master ʿAlī. Abū l-Sarāyā l-Sarī ibn Manṣūr al-Shaybānī (200/815), Zaydī revolt leader in Kufa in 199/815, under the command of Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Ṭabāṭabā. Abū Sufyān ibn al-Ḥarb (d. 32/653), of the Umayyad clan, leader of the Quraysh against Muḥammad, converted to Islam when the Muslims conquered Mecca, participated in Syrian conquests, Muʿāwiyah’s father. AbūṬālibibnʿAbdal-Muṭṭalib (d. 620AD), patriarch of the Hāshim clan of Quraysh, ʿAlī’s father, Muḥammad’s paternal uncle and foster-father, protected him in Mecca. Abū ʿUbaydah ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 17/638), Muḥammad’s Companion, played an important part in the election of Abū Bakr, commander in the conquest of Syria. Abū Zaynab ibn ʿAwf (d. 36/657), of the Azd tribe, killed fighting for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. ʿAdī ibn Ḥātim (d. 68/687), son of the celebrated poet Ḥātim al-Ṭāʾī, supporter of ʿAlī. Aḥnaf ibn Qays (d. 72/691), chieftain of the tribe of Tamīm and resident of Basra, born before Islam, lived to an old age and garnered a reputation for sagacity; fought on ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, later allied with the Umayyads to fight against the Khārijites and Shiʿites. ʿĀʾishah bint Abī Bakr (d. 58/678), wife of Muḥammad and daughter of Abū Bakr, led forces against ʿAlī at the Battle of the Camel. ʿĀʾishah bint ʿUthmān (d. after 41/662), daughter of the third Sunni caliph, also com- posed poetry. Aktham ibn Ṣayfī (d. 9/630), Tamīmī judge known for wise testaments, preached in the pre-Islamic period and lived to embrace Islam..