IRISH GRAVES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA’S MID-NORTH, 1850-1899: AN EXAMINATION OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Janine McEgan B. Arts (Flinders) Grad. Dip. Cultural Heritage Management (Flinders) A research project submitted as partial requirement for the Master of Cultural Heritage Management, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Adelaide, February 2017. DECLARATION ‘I certify that this research project does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or a diploma in any university; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text.’ Janine McEgan Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vii List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 5 Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Significance ........................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 11 Identity .................................................................................................................................. 11 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................................ 13 Irish Ethnicity....................................................................................................................... 14 Symbolism and Material Culture ....................................................................................... 16 Religion, religious symbols and cemetery markers ........................................................... 18 Christian Burials in an Australian Context .................................................................... 20 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: IRISH SETTLERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA .............................................. 23 The Beginnings of South Australia ..................................................................................... 23 The Irish in South Australia ............................................................................................... 24 The Home Counties of South Australia’s Irish Settlers ................................................. 27 Chain Migration ................................................................................................................... 30 The Irish and their relationship to other groups .............................................................. 31 Chapter 4: METHODS ........................................................................................................ 34 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 34 Site Plans ............................................................................................................................... 37 Recording Methods .............................................................................................................. 38 Definitions of terms .............................................................................................................. 38 Historical Research .............................................................................................................. 38 Spreadsheets ......................................................................................................................... 39 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................... 39 Descriptive (percentage) Analysis ................................................................................. 39 Chi-Square Test of Independence .................................................................................. 40 Limitations ............................................................................................................................ 40 i Chapter 5: RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 41 Grave Orientation ................................................................................................................ 41 Counties ................................................................................................................................ 42 Family vs individual burial ................................................................................................. 43 Irish Catholic .................................................................................................................. 44 Irish Protestant ............................................................................................................... 45 Irish - Catholic vs Protestant .......................................................................................... 46 Irish vs Non-Irish ........................................................................................................... 46 Headstone Form ................................................................................................................... 46 Irish Catholic .................................................................................................................. 47 Irish Protestant ............................................................................................................... 48 Irish – Catholic vs Protestant ......................................................................................... 48 Irish vs Non-Irish ........................................................................................................... 49 Headstone Material .............................................................................................................. 52 Motifs .................................................................................................................................... 56 Irish Catholic .................................................................................................................. 57 Irish Protestant ............................................................................................................... 59 Irish – Catholic vs Protestant ......................................................................................... 60 Irish vs non-Irish ............................................................................................................ 60 Fences/borders...................................................................................................................... 61 Irish Catholic .................................................................................................................. 64 Irish Protestant ............................................................................................................... 64 Irish – Catholic vs Protestant ......................................................................................... 65 Irish vs Non-Irish ........................................................................................................... 65 Inscriptions ........................................................................................................................... 65 Introductory inscriptions ................................................................................................ 65 Epitaphs ......................................................................................................................... 66 Irish Catholic .................................................................................................................. 67 Irish Protestant ............................................................................................................... 70 Irish – Catholic vs Protestant ......................................................................................... 72 Irish vs Non-Irish ........................................................................................................... 72 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 6: DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 76 Irish Settlement .................................................................................................................... 76 Motifs of affection versus grief ...................................................................................... 78 Religious motifs ............................................................................................................. 80 Irish symbols