Index Merely ‘marker’ and en passant mentions omitted. References to authors, and to the notes, given only when there is comment or additional information. Abbreviations: pm, passim; GP, Governor of Philippines; VP, VNS, Viceroy of Peru/New Spain. Abreojos I., 104, 315 Alexandria, 13, 14, 15, 89, 241–2 Abreu, A. de, 34, 87, 151, 301, 302 Alfonso X of Castile, 10 Acajutla, 97, 182, 220 Aljubarotta, battle (1385), 10 Acapulco, 85, 101 ff, 208, 213, 254–5, 281, Almaden, 186, 190–2, 195 326;site,64, 223;trade,195–6, 216–20, Almagro, D. de, 69–77 pm 290, 340 Almeida, F. de, 34 Acla, 33, 59, 236 Almiranta/almirante, 314 Aconcagua R., 76 Alvarado, P. de, 60–2, 71, 73, 97 Acosta,FrJ.de,211 Alvares, J., 151 Acts of Possession: Balboa, 1, 33;Drake,256, Alvarez, S., 40–1 260;Legazpi,102; Pizarro, 69;Sarmiento, Amanu I., 153 266;deVries,108 Amazon R., 31, 231 Acuna,P.de(GP),˜ 224 Amazons, 66, 121 Adam, 5, 81 Amboyna, 34, 87, 98 Admiralty Is., 94 America, 179;namingof,37, 303; see also Africa, 8, 28, 119, 145, 230, 248 ‘New World’ Agincourt, battle (1415), 11, 22 Amoy, 152, 160, 228 Agriculture in Indies, 181–4 Andagoya, P. de, 67, 210 Agrigan I., 53, 305 Andalusia, 205 Aguilar, M., 112 Andrade, F. and S. P. de, 151 Aguirre,FrA.de,107 Andrew of Bristol, 41, 229, 303 ,L.de,79 Andrews, K. R., 238–41, 347 ,M.,348 Angel I., 257, 261 Alarcon, H. de, 66 Anian, Straits of, 63, 107, 111, 112, 231–2, Alba,F.A.deToledo,Duquede,199, 233, 233, 238, 240, 251–4, 343 269, 351 Anson, Adml Lord George, 119, 225 Albuquerque, A. de, 34, 89, 147, 220 Antioquia, 180 Alcac¸ar-kebir, battle (1578), 268 Antipodes, 5–6, 8 Alcac¸ovas, Treaty (1579), 25, 29 Anton, S. J. de, 251–3 Alcazaba, S. de, 96, 278 Antonelli, J. B., 207, 209, 211–12, 268, 271, Aleutian Is., 316 351 Alexander VI, Pope (see also Bulls), 21, 22, Antonio, Dom, 268, 278, 282 28 Apurimac R., 74 356 Index Araba, Gulf of, 31 Balboa,V.N.de,1, 33–4, 49, 58, 59, 77, 83 Arabs, 1, 16, 23 Banda Is., 34, 89, 301 Aragon, 11 13, 26 Banks, Sir Joseph, 351 Aranda,J.de,36, 303 Barbosa, Diego, 36 Araucanians, 77, 78, 119, 250–1, 280 ,Duarte,51 Arauco, 283 Barlow, R., 229, 230, 232 Arbitristas, 177, 329 Barreto, Dona˜ I., 127, 130–2, 133, 137 Arellano, A. de, 104–5, 256, 317 ,L.,130 Arequipa, 183–4, 194 Barros, J. de, 87, 97 Argentina, 75–8 Basques, 16, 216 Arias, J. L., 118, 142 Bastidas, R. de, 31, 32 Arica, 189, 194, 215, 251, 280, 285, 287 Batavia, 89, 96 Armada: Barlovento, 200, 207; Carrera de Batachina, see Gilolo Indias, 207;MardelSur,201;of1588, 171, 199, 275, 282, 326, 336, 344 Bautista, Fr P., 174 Armenian’s I., mythical, 106 Bede, the Venerable, 4 Arnhem Land, 314 Bego˜na, 270, 281 Arquebus, 129, 131, 136, 154, 321, 325 Behaim, M., 45, 304 Arrecifes I. (New Georgia), 124 Belmonte Bermudez, L. de, 127, 132, 320 Arthur, King, 231 Belvedere I., 257 Ascension, Fr A. de, 108, 111–12 bergantins, 19, 61 Ascension I., 286 Bering, V., 108, 231 Asia, Europeans and, 1, 4, 8, 13–15, 289, Berlanga,BpT.de,116 291 Berwick, J. F.-J., Duke of, 306 Asientos, 177, 200 Bileban-arra, chief, 124 Astrolabe, 21 Biobio R., 77 Atacama, 76, 78 ‘Biru’, 67 Atahualpa, 71, 208, 308 Black Death, 10 Athanasius, St, not Satanic, 295 Black Legend, see Leyenda negra Atlantic, 5, 25, 229, 246, 264 Black Pinnace, 283, 284 Atrato R., 31, 32, 59, 208, 210 Blanco, Cape, 112 Audiencias, 83 Bodega Bay, 256 Auduarte, D., 226 Bodin, J., 335 Australia, 3, 4, 118, 139, 179, 313, 322 Bohol I., 51, 102 Austrialia del Espiritu Santo, 135, 321 Bojador, Cape, 6, 27, 29 Averia, 205, 217 Bolanos,˜ F. de, 66, 112 Aviles,P.M.de,207, 337 Azalcueta Navarro, M. de, 335 Bonin Is., 98, 107–8, 315, 316 Azogueros, 193 Borgia, R., 27 Azores, 21, 28, 63, 268, 274, 283, 342 Borneo, 157, 302 Aztecs, 61–2, 67, 81, 306 Botany Bay, 330, 351 Bourbons, Spanish, 83, 85, 119, 142, 182, Baber, Sultan, 262 192, 195, 205, 206, 220 Bacalaos, los, 63 Brandan, St, 116 Bacon, R., 5, 8 Brazil, 200, 211, 226, 230, 242, 291;discov- Badajoz, Conference, 36–7, 55, 90, 302, 305 ery, 29 ff; English in, 276–84 pm;gold, Bahia, 274 197;Sarmientoin,268–71 Index 357 Bristol, 229–30; and Azores, 63, 342; Con- Camino de Castilla, 208; de China, 185, 208; vention (1574), 230 Real, 210 British Empire, 237; putative birth of, Camoes,˜ L. V. de, 25, 144, 313 258–62 Canary Is., 22, 25, 28, 230, 286 Brito, A. de, 53, 57, 89 Candelaria, Bajos, 123, 126 broma, 65, 270 Canete,G.H.deM.,Marquesde(VP),˜ 127, Brunei, 51 218, 289 Bry, T. de, 81, 140 Cano,˜ I., 254 Buccaneers, 60, 119, 283 Canton, 23, 151, 152, 154, 164, 220, 228, Buddhism, 155, 184 297, 327 Buenaventura, 183 Cape Verde Is., 29, 52, 53, 242, 267 Buenos Ayres, 84, 194, 196, 218, 344 Capitana, 314 Bulls, Papal, 173, 300; Dudum Siquidem, 27, Caravels, 19 28; Inter Caeterea, 27, 28; Pontifex Romanus, Carder, P., 268, 347 10, 26, 36; Praecelsus Devotionis, 36 Careri, G., 108, 115, 185, 316 Burghley, W., Lord, 242, 263, 275, 279, 289, Careta, 59 340 Caribbean, 29, 30, 206, 230, 234–5, 237 Butaritari I., 138 Carlos I, see Charles V Butler, J., 236–7, 344 Caroline I., 47, 134;Is.,94, 97, 104 Byron, J., Adml, 48, 232 Carpentaria, G. of, 139, 140, 322 Byzantium, 13, 15, 203, 295 Carquisano, M. I. de, 90, 94 Carracks, 16, 155, 167, 169 Cabildos, 84 Carreira da India, 16, 20, 279, 285 Cabot, J., 28, 63, 301 Carrera de Indias, 16, 20, 85, 336 ,S.,205, 229–30, 312, 352 Carrion, J. P. de, 101, 105 ,family,302, 343 Cartagena, 31, 207, 210, 212, 278 Cabral,P.A.de,29, 31 Cartagena, J. de, 42–4, 242, 244, 303, 304 Cabrera, A. de, 190 Cartaret, P., 119 Cabrillo, J. R., 66–7, 101–14 pm, 307 Cartier, J., 231 Cacafuego, 215, 251–2 Cartography: Arab-mediaeval, 9; Magellan- Cacao, 69, 181, 182, 213, 222 ica, 245–50, 266–7, 347; Nova Albion, Caciques, 185, 332 258–9, 261;Pacific,100, 108–9, 315; Cadiz, 205, 207, 270, 336, 337 post-Columban, 37–9; post-Torres, 140, Caesars, City of the, 278, 352 323; Renaissance, 22; Sino-Korean, 293 Cain, 81 Carvalho, J., 51 Cajamarca, 71, 75, 77, 208, 211 Casa de Contratacion, 21, 36, 40–1, 85, 200–5 Calafia, Queen, 66 pm, 230, 337; at Corunna, 90, 205 California: Alta, 67, 106–12 pm, 142, 233, Castilla del Oro, 31, 40, 49, 59–61, 208 258, 291; Baja, 47, 64–6, 111, 115, 125, Castille, 11, 13, 25–35 pm, 57, 78, 100, 163, 283;G.of,66, 111; insularity, 66, 111, 180, 194, 196, 221, 229 307, 317;originofname,66 Castro, B. de, 287–8 Callao, 96, 118, 196, 201–11 pm, 214–17, ,G.de,121, 126 219, 266, 285, 289, 348;Drakeat,251–2, Catalonia, 199, 227 257; founded, 73, 75 Cateau-Cambresis,´ Treaty (1559), 100, 197 Callender, G., 346 Cathay, 1, 2, 24–33 pm, 230, 279 Camargo, A. de, 96, 278 Catoira, G. H. de, 124 358 Index Cavendish, T., 64, 111, 126, 131, 142, 160, Cibola, 66, 67, 97 175, 182, 250, 264, 276, 278–85, 286, Cimmaron(e)s, 209, 213, 235–7, 278 347, 352, 354 Cinchona, 181, 217 Cebu I., 50–1, 97–8, 102 Cinnamon, 98, 103, 104, 222, 273 Cedros I., 66 Cipangu, 8, 24, 26, 30, 39, 47–9, 57, 90, 231 Celebes (Sulawesi), 262, 314 Clara, Dona,˜ high-level harlot, 194 Cellorigo, M. G. de, 203 Clarion I., 47 Ceram I., 89 Clavius, C., SJ, 132 Cermeno,˜ S. R. de, 110–12, 256–7 Cliffe, E., 241 Cervantes, M. de, 190 Clipperton I., 47 ‘Cesarea Karoli’, 98 Cloves, 52, 87, 91, 126, 261 Ceuta, 10, 22–4 pm Coatzacoalcas R., 63, 208 Chagres R., 60, 210–12 pm, 234 Cobo, Fr J., 173, 175 Chanson de Roland, 66 Cochineal, 181, 182, 190, 222 Charcas, 83, 220 Coelho, Fr G., SJ, 167–9, 175 Charlemagne, 223 Colchero, 254, 348 Charles the Bold, 11 Colon (town), 31 Charles V, Emperor (Carlos I), 11, 12, 36, 41, Columbus (Colon), B., 29 52, 90–100 pm, 188, 205, 209, 210, 231 ,C.,1 ff, 21–33 pm, 49, 121, 145, 223, Charles VIII of France, 11 293–306 pm Charles IX of France, 291 ,D.,33 Chaucer, G., 20 , F., 57 Chaunu, P., xix, 306, 309, 331, 336, 337 Coluna I., 315 Cheng Ho, Adml, 23, 87, 145, 147 Common Market, 85, 202, 340 Chepo, 319 Compass, mariner’s, 16, 20 Chesapeake Bay, 231 ‘Compagnies Land’, 108 Chichimecas, 177, 182 Concepcion, 77, 118, 184, 250 Chidley, J., 250, 283 Concepcion, 40–51 pm, 196 Chile, 181, 214, 215, 219, 268, 270, 276, Conches, William of, 5 291;Drakein,241, 245, 250–1; econ. Condorcanqui, J. G., 74, 278 dev., 184, 188 ‘Conjuncture’, 197, 335 ChiloeI.,´ 117 Conquista, xxiv, 13, 73–7 pm, 78–82, 85, China, 1, 16, 89, 144–57 pm, 165, 213, 262, 132, 142, 188, 306 283, 289, 327, 328; goal for Spaniards, Constantinople, fall of, 11, 15, 297 97–103 pm;Koreanwar,169–72;mar- Consulado of Seville, 85, 205–6, 218, 226 itime activity, 23, 87, 145–7;mercury, Contraband and smuggling, 177, 194, 198, 191, 222;silverto,201, 204, 215, 225–7; 206, 218, 336 tributary system, 144, 146, 324 Convercion de San Pablo I., 134 Choiseul I., 124, 126 Cook, Captain, J., 106, 109, 139, 232, 246, Christianity: in Indies, 79–81, 84; in Japan, 316 154–5, 325 (see also Jesuits); in Philippines, Cooke, J., 238, 240, 244–5, 346 50, 102–4, 157–9, 221 Cook Is., 128, 134, 140 Chumayel, C.