ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi ,Protozoa & Helminths PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungi Mycology - the study of fungi Fungi important in food chain Decompose dead matter Recycle vital elements Used for food, produce food, drugs Chemoheterotrophic Most are aerobic or facultative anaerobes Few anaerobes known Characteristics of Fungi Multicellular fungi ID based on physical appearance Colony characteristics, reproductive spores Classified into 3 groups: Molds and fleshy fungi Yeasts Dimorphic fungi Characteristics of Fungi Molds and fleshy fungi Thallus – body of fungus Consist of long filaments of cells joined together Called “ Hyphae ” or “ Hypha ” (singular) Or consist of individual cells (yeasts) Characteristics of Fungi Mycelium – filamentous mass of fungi Characteristics of Fungi Hyphae grow by elongating at the tips Each tip of hypha is capable of growth Fragments that break off can form new hypha Vegetative hypha – portion of thallus that obtains nutrients actively growing portion Characteristics of Fungi Two kinds of vegetative hyphae Most hyphae have septums Few have no septums Septum separates hyphae into Appear as long continous cells “cell-like” units with many nuclei Characteristics of Fungi Reproductive hyphae concerned with reproduction Aka “Aerial hyphae” Project above the surface Reproductive hypha projecting off the surface Characteristics of Fungi Yeasts Nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi Typically spherical or oval Budding yeasts divide unevenly Daughter cell (bud) is Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a common budding yeast smaller than parent cell Characteristics of Fungi Yeasts capable of facultative anaerobic growth Can use oxygen as final electron acceptor Forms CO 2 and water - what type of metabolism? Can use organic compound as final electron acceptor Forms ethanol, CO 2 - what type of metabolism? Important in food industry Characteristics of Fungi Dimorphic fungi Can grow as yeast or mold In pathogens, dimorphism is temperature dependent 37°C – yeast-like 25°C – mold-like Mucor indicus Characteristics of Fungi Life cycle Reproduction accomplished by forming spores Both sexual and asexual Spores detach from parent Germinate into new mold Spores can survive for extended periods in dry, heat But not to the extreme like bacterial endospores Characteristics of Fungi Asexual spores formed by fragmenting hyphae Spores are genetically identical Two types of asexual spores Conodiospore Sporangiospore Aspergillus flavus produces spores at end of “conidiophore” Characteristics of Fungi Conidiospore, conidium (pl, conidia) Spore not enclosed in sac Spores produced in chain at end of “conidiophore” Conidiospore Characteristics of Fungi Sporangiospores Formed within “Sporangium” or sac at end of aerial hyphae called “sporangiophore” Can contain hundreds of sporangiospores Sporangiospore Characteristics of Fungi Sexual spores result of fusion of two nuclei (“+” and “-”) Requires opposite mating types Spores have characteristics of both parents Teleomorphic fungi Sexual structure in Rhizopus Produce sexual and asexual spores Anamorphic Produce only asexual spores Characteristics of Fungi Fungi are chemoheterotrophs Compete with bacteria for food Nutritional characteristics provide some advantages Fungi can grow at pH 5 Resistant to osmotic pressure Can grow in low moisture, low nitrogen environment Capable of degrading complex carbs; lignin in wood Fungal diseases Mycosis – a fungal infection Generally chronic (long-lasting) because fungi grow slowly Classified into 5 groups according to: Degree of tissue involvement (How much of host is invaded?) Mode of entry into host (How does it get into host?) Fungal diseases 1. Systemic mycoses Infections deep within the body, many tissues Route of entry is inhalation Begin in lungs, spread to other tissues Cryptococcus neoformans 2. Subcutaneous mycoses Fungal infections beneath skin Infections occurs by implantation of spores into skin Sporothrix schenckii sporotrichosis in gardeners Fungal Diseases 3. Dermatomycoses, cutaneous mycoses Infect epidermis, hair, nails Secrete keratinase, degrades keratin in hair, skin Transmitted by contact Candida albicans 4. Superficial mycoses Localized along hair shafts, surface of skin cells No tissue is invaded, often unaware of infection Malassezia furfur dandruff Fungal Diseases 5. Opportunistic pathogen Generally harmless in normal habitat Becomes pathogenic in compromised host Under treatments with antibiotics, suppressed immune system Pneumocystis most common life threatening infection among AIDS patients Stachybotrys can grow in water damaged homes, cause pulmonary hemorrhage in infants Economic Effects of Fungi Positive Effects Negative Effects Bread, wine, beer Food spoilage Recombinant vaccines, proteins Cellulose used for juices and fabric Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight) Taxol production Ceratocystis ulm (Dutch elm disease) Gypsy moth control Name that asexual spore Sporangiospores Conidiospores Name that mycosis Genus Method of entry Site of infection Mycosis Blastomyces Inhalation Lungs Systemic Ulcerative Sporothrix Puncture Subcutaneous lesions Microsporum Contact Fingernails Dermatomycosis Trichosporon Contact Hair shafts Superficial Aspergillus Inhalation Lungs Systemic The ____ describes the body of a fungus. 1. 2. hyphae 3. thallus 4. septum mycelium 92% 8% hyphae thallus 0% septum 0% mycelium The cells within hyphae can be separated by __. 1. 2. septa 3. nuclei 4. spores filaments 92% septa 0% nuclei 0% 8% spores filaments Which type of asexual spore is enclosed in a sac? 1. 2. Conidiospore 3. Sporangiospore 4. Saciospore Sacomycota 100% 0% Conidiospore Sporangiospore 0% Saciospore 0% Sacomycota A fungal disease is called a _____. 1. 2. fungicide 3. fungal disease 4. mycotic mycosis 100% 0% fungicide 0% fungal disease 0% mycotic mycosis What type of mycosis affects the outermost surface the skin? 1. 2. Systemic mycosis Subcutaneous 3. mycosis 4. Dermatomycosis Superficial mycosis of 67% 0% 33% Systemic mycos... 0% Subcutaneous m... Dermatomycosis Superficial my... Characteristics of Protozoa Unicellular eukaryotes Inhabit water and soil Trophozoite – feeding and growing stage Relatively few cause disease But diseases are significant Involve complex life cycles Often with multiple hosts Characteristics of Protozoa Life cycle Reproduce asexually by fission, budding, or schizogeny Schizogeny – multiple fission, nucleus divides many times before cell division Some protozoa reproduce sexually by “conjugation” Fusion of cells, nuclei fuse Cells separate Characteristics of Protozoa Encystment – formation of a protective capsule called a cyst Occurs when food, moisture, oxygen lacking Parasites can survive outside of host Characteristics of Protozoa Mostly aerobic heterotrophs Some capable of anaerobic growth All live in areas with large supply of water Malaria 2 Plasmodium Causative agent of malaria 3 8 Human is “intermediate” host – asexual Anopheles7 6 reproduction mosquito is “definitive” host – sexual reproduction Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Causative agent of toxoplasmosis Felines are “definitive” hosts Humans can eat cysts directly or indirectly Humans, other mammals Especially harmful to are “intermediate” hosts pregnant women humans are “accidental” or can cause miscarriage “incidental” hosts The _____ is the feeding and growing stage of proto 1. 2. sporozoite 3. trophozoite 4. merozoite oocyst 100% zoa. 0% sporozoite trophozoite 0% merozoite 0% oocyst The formation of a protective capsule by a protist i called ____. 1. 2. encystment 3. sporulation 4. enshroudment parasitism 100% s encystment 0% sporulation 0% enshroudment 0% parasitism The definitive host is the site of ____. 1. sexual 2. reproduction asexual 3. reproduction 4. binary fission conjugation 83% sexual reprodu... 8% asexual reprod... 0% 8% binary fission conjugation What is the definitive host for organism of malaria? 1. The 2. mosquito Anopheles 3. The human 4. The cat The cow Plasmodium , the causitive 100% The Anopheles mosquito 0% The human 0% The cat 0% The cow Characteristics of Helminths Multicellular eukaryotic animals Parasitic helminths have characteristics that differ from free-living helminths Lack digestive system Reduced nervous system Reduced or absent mobility Complex reproductive system Two groups of helminths Platyhelminths and Nematodes Types of Helminths Platyhelminths The Flatworms flukes and tapeworms Nematodes The Roundworms Two modes of transmission Eating of eggs, cysts Secreted in feces Eating of larvae From undercooked meat Lung Fluke Paragonimus westermani Lives in lungs, Paragonimiasis excreted in feces Humans are “definitive” hosts Uses mollusks as intermediate host Rat Lungworm disease Angiostrongylus cantonensis Angiostrongyliasis Rats are “definitive” hosts Humans are Lives in lungs, “accidental” or excreted in feces “incidental” can be infected, but not part of life cycle Humans eat larvae from raw or Snails are undercooked snails, or “intermediate” snail eat contaminated hosts water, vegetables Three cases on Big Island in December 2008 Two in coma Both recovered What’s the lesson? A roundworm is a ______. 1. 2. platyhelminth nematode 100% 0% platyhelminth nematode Which of these is not a method of transmission of nematod 1. 2. Eating of eggs. 3. Eating of spores. Eating of larvae. 100% es? 0% Eating of eggs... Eating of spor... 0% Eating of larv....