In 1908 Samuel J. Reader aims and fires his “free-state rifle,” which he used during the 1856 Battle of Hickory Point. His weapon is a full-stock Pennsylvania rifle. 30 KANSAS HISTORY Plows and Bibles, Rifles and Revolvers Guns in Kansas Territory by Dale E. Watts uns were among the most important tools used in territorial Kansas. Plows turned the soil, axes cleared away trees and shaped them into useable forms, saws produced finished lumber, and guns provided food, recre- ation, and the means of controlling humans and animals. Of course guns also carried a special symbolic meaning in the turmoil of Bleeding Kansas. Violence played a relatively small role in this turbulence. No solid evidence exists to show that large numbers of people were killed because of political disagreements. GLand disputes, robberies, and accidents were more deadly than questions of politics or slavery. In general, settlers were not fanatical in their attitudes toward slavery but rather were focused on such mundane matters as land acquisition, town development, 1 and bringing their cultures to the West. This fact was well expressed by Charles B. Lines of Wabaunsee, the “Bible and Rifle” colony of which so much has been made, when he wrote to his hometown newspaper in Connecticut on May 2, 1856: Dale E. Watts holds master’s degrees in historical museum administration from Cooperstown Graduate Programs, in gifted education from Emporia State University, and in U.S. History from the University of Kansas. He currently is the historic sites re- search manager at the Kansas State Historical Society. 1. See Dale E. Watts, “How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas? Political Killings in Kansas Territory, 1854–1861,” Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 18 (Summer 1995): 116–29. PLOWS AND BIBLES, RIFLES AND REVOLVERS 31 Your readers may wonder why no more is said Most were peaceful settlers, interested primarily in about the political affairs of Kanzas, the prospect of securing a good living, but along with them came an her State government, &c. The truth is we have undesirable contingent who would gladly steal from nothing to say. In the region where we dwell their neighbors, be they white, black, or red, free state everything is as quiet in these respects as they are 5 in Hamden [Connecticut]. We are busy in prepar- or proslavery. ing to break up the land and provide our habita- The normal disjunction of the frontier, exacerbat- tions, and hear nothing said by any one of a polit- ed by the slavery issue, ensured that Bleeding Kansas ical character. We know of only two pro-slavery was not totally a myth. Violence and the fear of vio- men in our vicinity, and have but little fear of any 2 lence sometimes were entirely too real to settlers of all difficulty on that subject. political factions, whether proslavery, antislavery, or somewhere in between. The level of violence was no greater than that found in other areas and eras of the American fron- uns were the preferred weapons of both of- tier. In fact it was lower than in California where 583 fense and defense. They were rather easily people are reported to have died violently during obtained, although numerous settlers report- 1855 alone, almost four times more than were killed ed not having firearms. Mass production of many during the entire territorial period in Kansas. Weak, types of guns had rendered them affordable to most fledgling social institutions allowed violence to flour- G 3 who wanted them. Advances in design and technolo- ish in the typical frontier situation. Kansas Territory gy had improved the effectiveness of guns; better suffered from impaired social controls because of the gunpowder shortened the time of combustion of the refusal of the free-state portion of the population to charge, increased power, and reduced fouling in the obey the laws and regulations of the territorial gov- bore; the percussion (cap-and-ball) system of ignition ernment, but this does not seem to have caused the was faster and less affected by inclement weather area to be significantly more dangerous than other 4 than were earlier systems, such as the flintlock; new frontier regions. types of iron and steel provided added strength; and Most of the danger stemmed from rampant revolutionary breech-loaders, although still relatively greed. A mania for land and its attendant potential uncommon, could be loaded and fired about three riches swept in settlers and speculators from nearby times faster than the venerable muzzle-loader. These western Missouri as soon as the Kansas–Nebraska advanced firearms, along with an abundance of sur- Act opened the territory to whites in 1854. Shortly plus military weapons and traditional types of guns, thereafter small but important groups began to arrive provided Kansas settlers with a ready supply of ar- from the northeastern United States. This tiny ripple 6 mament. soon was overwhelmed by a wave of emigrants from Guns came from a variety of supply sources. the Old Midwest, the states of the Ohio River valley. Many emigrants to Kansas Territory brought firearms with them. These might be old family pieces or might 2. Alberta Pantle, ed., “The Connecticut Kansas Colony: Letters of have been purchased at a commercial center some- Charles B. Lines to the New Haven (Conn.) Daily Palladium,” Kansas His- where between their former homes and their new torical Quarterly 22 (Spring 1956): 35. 3. W. Eugene Hollon, Frontier Violence: Another Look (New York: Ox- ones. Such suppliers as the Biringer gun shop in ford University Press, 1974), 75; Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, Leavenworth could supply rifles of their own make 1980), 7. 4. For example, John Brown and others were formally indicted by a 5. Robert W. Richmond, Kansas: A Land of Contrasts (St. Louis: Forum district court grand jury for conspiring to resist forcibly the territorial Press, 1974), 63–64; James R. Shortridge, Peopling the Plains: Who Settled laws and the collection of taxes. Similar widespread resistance prevented Where in Frontier Kansas (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 4. effective governance in large parts of the territory. See Records, Second 6. Louis A. Garavaglia and Charles G. Worman, Firearms of the Amer- District Court for Kansas Territory, May term 1856, Library and Archives ican West, 1803–1865 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Division, Kansas State Historical Society. 1984), 41. 32 KANSAS HISTORY or the latest of the patent arms. Woolfolk and Co. of Weston, Missouri, advertised in the Atchison Squatter Sovereign of February 3, 1855: “[We] have just received a splendid lot of Guns of the very finest finish, and made by the best manu- 7 facturers in the United States.” Towns all along the Ohio, Mis- sissippi, and Missouri Rivers were well stocked with mer- chants who sold guns, usually of a good quality and some- times of a fair price, to the em- igrants. The United States govern- Guns were among the most important tools used in territorial Kansas. Although violence was not ment perhaps was the largest nearly as prevalent during these years as embellished reports and illustrations such as this indicate, guns carried a special symbolic meaning in the turmoil of Bleeding Kansas. purveyor of guns to the set- tlers of Kansas Territory. Hun- dreds of thousands of surplus or condemned arms were sold at auction, usually to gree. Consequently, in one representative case Eli large wholesalers. Some of these guns were original Thayer, an official of the company, privately offered flintlocks from the early days of the nation, some in January 1856 to lend free of charge one thousand were flintlocks converted to the percussion system, guns to the executive committee of the free-state gov- 10 and some were outdated original percussion arms. ernment. Whatever their ages, they were inexpensive and mar- Other individuals and organizations also fur- 8 ginally reliable. nished firearms to the free-state cause in Kansas. Much has been made of the New England Emi- Frederick Law Olmstead, the famous landscape ar- grant Aid Company as a supplier of firearms, espe- chitect, offered in October 1855 to supply as many ri- cially Sharps rifles or carbines, to the free-state set- fles or muskets as were needed. He also provided tlers of Kansas. The truth is that the company, as a funds for the purchase of the soon-to-be renowned 9 company, did not give or sell arms to anyone. Some of Abbott Howitzer. On February 9, 1856, the Worcester the directors of the company, as individuals, did give [Massachusetts] Kansas League voted to give Samuel or lend guns to antislavery emigrants, but the com- Pomeroy twenty-three rifles for the freestaters in pany could not become involved in such activity Kansas. Overall, 165 men are said to have been out- without alienating the significant portion of its sup- fitted with rifles and ammunition during Pomeroy’s 11 porters who were pacifists to a greater or lesser de- stay in Worcester. 7. Squatter Sovereign (Atchison), February 3, 1855. 8. For a listing of arms in one government sale at Fort Leavenworth, 10. R.G. Elliott, “The Twenty-First of May,” Kansas Historical Collec- see Daily Times (Leavenworth), May 31, 1860; Garavaglia and Worman, tions, 1901–1902 7 (1902): 525; Joel K. Goodin, “The Topeka Movement,” Firearms of the American West, 234–37, also discusses the civilian use of Kansas Historical Collections, 1913–1914 13 (1914): 150. condemned military arms. 11. Letter from Frederick Law Olmstead, New York, October 4, 1855, 9. See William H. Carruth, “The New England Emigrant Aid Com- quoted in James B.