University of Huddersfield Repository Khuzaee, Shatha A Multimodal Textual Analysis of Non-literary Texts: A Critical Stylistic Approach Original Citation Khuzaee, Shatha (2019) A Multimodal Textual Analysis of Non-literary Texts: A Critical Stylistic Approach. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34996/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. 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For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ A Multimodal Textual Analysis of Non-literary Texts: A Critical Stylistic Approach Shatha Khuzaee A thesis submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2019 The University of Huddersfield To The spirit of my father, My loving mother And My priceless family Abstract This thesis proposes a version of the Critical Stylistics model that accounts for meaning-making in multimodal online news articles, as non-literary texts, each composed of a linguistic text and still images. A framework integrating Critical Stylistics and Visual Grammar models suggests three multimodal textual conceptual functions developed from Jeffries (2010a): Naming and Describing; Representing Events/Actions/States; and Prioritising which are tested to analyse the images, of the news articles, as texts. Applying Jeffries’ (2014) concept of textual meaning, the analysis shows that the linguistic text and images are two independent texts contributing differently but collaboratively to the meanings made and projected in the multimodal texts. The findings of the search for patterns in the data are that: 1. Images reinforce meanings made by the linguistic text 2. Images extend meanings made by the linguistic text 3. Images add/suppress meanings made by the linguistic text I argue that a critical stylistic approach is applicable to images, but it needs an equivalent visual model to propose a toolkit that can analyse meaning-making in non-literary multimodal texts. I adopt Jeffries’(2010a) critical stylistic approach and adapt it for images, making use of Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) model of visual grammar and drawing on their notion that images are texts to create a model for the analysis of multimodal news texts. The model can show how the linguistic text and the accompanying images, while using resources specific to their underlying structures construct textual meanings that result in a coherent portrayal of the world of events reported. The multimodal textual conceptual functions use the notion of co-text to reduce the number of the possible interpretations an image might suggest, producing a more systematic and replicable analysis. iii A Multimodal Textual Analysis of Non-literary Texts: A Critical Stylistic Approach Shatha Khuzaee Copyright notice i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproduction. iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, praise and gratitude are all tribute to Almighty Allah (Most Highness) whom everything needs Him in everything but He needs nothing. And peace and blessing are presented to the Prophet Muhammed (PBUH), his Household and his Companions. I would like to present my thanks to Professors Lesley Jeffries and Dan McIntyre who supervised my work and were supportive and helpful throughout the whole process of my study. I owe both of them a deep debt of gratitude. I am also thankful to the Iraqi government represented by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for granting me a scholarship to pursue my PhD. I would also like to dedicate special mentions of deep thanks to my family. My husband Ali who saves no time or effort to support, encourage and help me in many ways than I could enlist here. My sons Mohammed, Hasanain and Zain for being responsible and helpful in keeping the house and their rooms tidy so that I do not spend more time doing them. My loving daughter Ruqayah who was always ready to offer whatever she could to comfort me during the difficult times of writing my thesis. Special thanks go to Tatyana Karpenko-Seccombe, Pat Hill, and Ann-Marie Harrington who helped me during my study and for their critical guidance; encouragement and inspiring remarks that have helped correct and revise many of the writings in this study. My sincere thanks should be extended to my PhD colleagues for their intellectual as well as personal support that have assisted me to complete my study. And last but most, I am, as I was and will be always, indebted to my mother, the heavenly spirit that guides me through the difficult days, her prayers, her longing for our company and her long waiting for my coming back. 1 Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 1 Contents ........................................................................................................ 2 List of Tables .................................................................................................. 9 List of Figures ................................................................................................ 10 List of Images ................................................................................................ 11 Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................ 13 1.1 A brief background and the research gap .................................................... 13 1.2 Motivation for the study ............................................................................. 15 1.3 Research questions and aims ...................................................................... 17 1.4 Contribution of the study ............................................................................ 18 1.5 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................. 20 Chapter Two: Literature Review .................................................................... 23 2.1 Multimodality ............................................................................................. 23 2.1.1 Systemic functional-multimodal discourse approaches ........................ 28 2.1.2 Multimodal stylistics ............................................................................ 29 2.1.3 Multimodal discourse approaches to news analysis ............................. 31 2.2 The grammar of visual design ...................................................................... 33 2.3 Linguistic approaches to text analysis .......................................................... 39 2.3.1 Critical linguistics ................................................................................. 39 2.3.2 Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................... 41 2.3.2.1 Fairclough’s dialectal-relational approach ..................................... 43 2.3.3 Critical stylistics ................................................................................... 46 2 2.3.4 The need for a multimodal toolkit ........................................................ 49 2.4 Theoretical framework ................................................................................ 51 2.4.1 The framework of critical stylistics ....................................................... 51 2.4.1.1 Naming and describing .................................................................. 52 2.4.1.2 Representing actions/ events/ states: transitivity ......................... 54 2.4.1.3 Linguistic information priorities (Prioritising) ................................ 56 2.4.2 The