IT-Compendium 1. Computer Architectures 314 7.1.1 LTO Drives 7.1.2 DLT/SDLT Drives 7.1.3 ADR Drives 1.1 Intel - Based Computer Systems 7.2 Helical Scan Recording Method 1.1.1 Processors 7.2.1 Exabyte Drives 1.1.2 Computer Buses 7.2.2 DAT Drives 1.1.3 Hard Disks 7.2.3 AIT Drives 1.1.4 Monitors and Graphics 7.3 Other Recording Methods 1.1.5 Operating Systems 7.3.1 QIC Drives 1.1.6 Standard Applications 7.3.2 Mainframe Drives 1.1.7 Special Applications 7.4 Software for Magnetic Tape Storage 1.1.8 Network Applications 7.4.1 Backup Sotware 1.2 RISC Computers from Sun and transtec 7.4.2 HSM Software 1.2.1 Processors 1.2.2 Computer Buses 1.2.3 Peripheral Buses 8. Optical Storage Media 341 1.2.4 Operating Systems 8.1 CD-ROM Drives 2. Operating Systems 317 8.2 CD-R and CD-RW Drives 8.3 DVD-Drives 8.4 Magneto-Optical Drives 2.1 Windows 8.5 Outlook 2.1.1 Windows 2000 2.1.2 Windows XP 2.1.3 Windows Server 2003 9. Main Memory 343 2.1.4 Windows Small Business Server 2003 9.1 Memory Technologies 2.2 Unix-Operating Systems 9.1.1 Non-Voltatile Memory 2.2.1 Linux 9.1.2 Dynamic Memories 2.2.2 SunOS/Solaris 9.1.3 Static Memories 2.3 Computer Viruses 9.2 Modular Structural Forms 3. Cluster 323 9.3 Terms relating to Memory 3.1 High Performance Computing Cluster (HPC) 10. Communication 346 3.2 High Availibility Cluster (HA) 10.1 Definition 4. Storage Buses 325 10.2 Prerequisites for Successful Communication 10.3 Communication Types 10.3.1 One-way Communication 4.1 Introduction 10.3.2 Two-way Communication 4.1.1 Parallel versus serial buses 10.3.3 Interactive Communication 4.2 SCSI-Interface 10.3.4 Open Communication 4.2.1 Parallele SCSI 4.2.2 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 4.3 Fibre Channel 11. Standards 347 4.4 SSA 11.1 Definition of Standard 4.5 ATA (IDE) Interface 11.2 Types of Standards 4.6 USB Interface 11.3 Important Orgaisations for Standardisation in IT 4.7 Fire Wire 1394 11.3.1 International Standardization Organization (ISO) 5. Hard Disks and RAID 331 11.3.2 International Electronical Commission (IEC) 11.3.3 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 11.3.4 European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) 5.1 Introduction 11.3.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineers (IEEE) 5.2 Hard Disks Drives 11.3.6 ANSI 5.2.1 Capacity 5.2.2 Storgae Bus Interfaces 5.2.3 Form Factor 12. The OSI Reference Model 348 5.2.4 Performance Features 12.1 Introduction 5.3 Semiconductor Disk Storage (RAM Storage) 12.2 Structure 5.4 Floppy Disk Drives 12.3 Layers 5.5 Removable Disk Drives 5.6 RAID 5.6.1 RAID Level 13. Transmission Methods and 5.6.2 Criteria of RAID Selection Techniques 349 5.6.3 RAID Implementation 5.6.4 IDE RAID 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Signal 6. Storage Networks 336 13.3 Synchronism 13.4 Character Transmission 6.1 Introduction: Storage Centralisation 13.5 Operation 6.2 Storage Area Network (SAN) 6.3 iSCSI 14. Personal Area Networks - PANs 350 6.4 Network Attached Storage (NAS) 14.1 Definition 7. Magnetic Tape Storage 338 14.2 Transmission Methods 14.2.1 IrDA (Infrared Data Association) 7.1 Linear Tape Recording Method 14.2.2 Bluetooth 312 transtec = ttec in the Netherlands and Belgium 15. Local Area Networks - LANs 352 17.9 Hardware in a WAN 17.9.1 Analogue Modems 15.1 Definition 17.9.2 ISDN Adapters 15.2 Accessing 17.9.3 Routers 15.2.1 CSMA/CD 17.9.4 Firewalls 15.2.2 Token Passing 15.3 Ethernet and 802.3 LAN 18. LAN Core Solutions 374 15.4 MAC-Adresses 15.5 Ethernet Standards 18.1 Introduction 15.5.1 10 BASE-5 18.2 New Strategies for Networks 15.5.2 10 BASE-2 18.2.1 Structure of a Network Core 15.5.3 10 BASE-T 18.2.2 Cost Control 15.5.4 10 BASE-FL 18.2.3 Scalability and Flexibility 15.5.5 100 BASE-TX 18.2.4 Security 15.5.6 100 BASE-FX 18.2.5 Availability 15.5.7 100 BASE-T 18.3 Current Solutions 15.5.8 1000 BASE-SX 18.4 Networks with Distributed Core 15.5.9 1000 BASE-LX 18.4.1 XRN-Components 15.5.10 Auto-Negotiation 18.5 Setting up a Distributed Fabric in a Network 15.6 Ring Topologies 18.5.1 Basic Network 15.6.1 Token Ring 18.5.2 Standard Network 15.6.2 FDDI 18.5.3 Network Expansion 15.7 Protocols/Standards 18.6 A New Direction for Corporate Networks 15.7.1 Protocols 18.7 Résumé 15.7.2 Standards 15.8 Hardware-Active Components 19. Input Devices 377 15.8.1 Repeaters 15.8.2 Hub 19.1 Keyboards 15.8.3 Bridge 19.2 Mice and Trackballs 15.8.4 Switch 19.3 Scanners 15.9 Hardware-Passive Components 19.4 Bar-Code Readers 15.9.1 Structured Cabling 15.9.2 Backbone Concepts 20. Data Communication 379 15.9.3 Copper-Based Cabling 15.9.4 Fibre-Optic-Based Cabling 20.1 KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) Switching 15.10 Management 21. Terminals 380 16. Metropolitan Area Networks 21.1 Alpha Terminals MANs 359 21.2 X-Windows Terminals 21.3 PCs and Workstations 16.1 Definition 21.4 Windows-Based Terminals (WBTs) 16.2 Transmission Technologies for Setting Up a MAN 21.5 Network Computers (NCs) 16.2.1 Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) 21.6 Network PCs 17. Wide Area Networks - WANs 360 22. Output Devices 382 17.1 Definition 22.1 Monitors 17.2 Adressing in a WAN 22.1.1 Units of Measurement and Term 17.3 Protocols in a WAN 22.1.2 Types of Monitors 17.3.1 The Internet-Protokoll (IP) 22.1.3 Monitor Requirements 17.3.2 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 22.1.4 Graphic Standards 17.3.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 22.2 LCD-Projectors 17.3.4 Routing Protocols 22.2.1 The Technologies 17.4 Data Switching in a WAN 22.2.2 Pros and Cons of the two technologies 17.4.1 Line Switching 22.3 Printers 17.4.2 Data Packet Switching 22.3.1 The Technologies 17.5 Transmission Methods in a WAN 22.3.2 Printer Protocols 17.5.1 Synchronous Transmission Methods 17.5.2 Asynchronous Transmission Methods 23. Multimedia 386 17.6 WAN-Technologies 17.6.1 Leased Lines 23.1 Digital Cameras 17.6.2 Circuit-Switched Networks 23.2 Voice Applications 17.6.3 Packet- and Cell-Switched-Neworks 23.3 Video Processing 17.6.4 Digital Subscribe Line (DSL) 23.4 Video Conference Systems 17.7 Data Transmision in a WAN 17.7.1 Analogue Data Transmission in WANs 24. Uninterruptible Power Supply 388 17.7.2 Digital Data Transmission in a WAN 17.7.3 Serial Interfaces in a WAN 24.1 Problemes, Causes and Effects 17.7.4 X.25 and Frame Relay 24.2 Technologies 17.7.5 Asynchrounous Transfer Mode (ATM) 24.2.1 Offline Technology 17.7.6 Digital Subscribe Line (DSL) 24.2.2 Line Interactive Technology 17.8 Security in WANs 24.2.3 Online Technology 17.8.1 Attacks and Targets of Attack 24.3 Dimensioning 17.8.2 Protective Measures and Strategies 24.4 Alarm, Interfaces, Network-Wide Communication 17.8.3 Access Control in Networks 24.5 Shutdown 17.8.4 Protection of Data Transmission COMPENDIUM transtec = ttec in the Netherlands and Belgium 313 1. Computer Architectures The following sections contain a brief overview of Intel-based computer systems was originally developed by IBM, Compaq and Hewlett-Packard. PCI-X allows a as well as the most important RISC workstations available today from Sun and slot to operate with 133 MHz and additional slots with 66 MHz or 100 MHz, thus transtec. achieving a throughput of up to 1 GB/s, which is double the throughput of the The CPU is the central and most important component of a computer system, and PCI. An advantage of the PCI-X is the reverse compatibility, which means the PCI- it is often the most expensive part. X cards can be used in PCI systems and vice versa. Another increase in the data Currently, the most important subject for processors is the transition from 32 to throughput is planned with the PCI-X 2.0. The maximum transfer rate is to be 64-bit architectures. Most RISC architectures have already taken this step, for increased to 2.1 or 4.2 GB/s using double data rate and quad data rate. example SPARC. The Intel IA64 architecture went to 64 bit with the Itanium in the summer of 2001. The follow-up model Itanium 2 has been available since PCI Express the end of 2002. AMD has been supplying the Athlon 64 (desktop version) In the future, PCI-X is to be replaced by PCI Express - the company that started and the Opteron (server version) since the 2nd quarter of 2003. A point worth under the name 3GIO (3rd Generation I/O). As a serial „rail bus“, the PCI Express mentioning in connection with the AMD 64-bit architecture is the full 32-bit can be simultaneously scaled with up to 32 rails that can travel in both directions.