Clio Volume 30, Spring 2020 The Annual Publication of Phi Alpha Theta, Rho Xi Chapter Department of History, College of Arts & Letters California State University, Sacramento Clio Editor-in-Chief Samuel Bein Editorial Staff Trent Capurso Carrie Sheahan Corinne Lethco Kira Hall Jonathan Brimer Mike McKenney Arthur Henry Antonio Flores Justin Honeycutt Andrew Foley Clio 2020 was funded in part by the College of Arts & Letters’ Student- Faculty Collaboration Grant. It was also made possible through generous support from: California State University, Sacramento Peer & Academic Resource Center College of Arts & Letters President Robert Nelson Cover Photo: Courtesy of Corinne Lethco via Pixabay © Clio 2020 – All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review of study, without prior permission in writing from the publishers and the student author. Copyright reverts to each author upon further publication of his or her article. Department of History, Tahoe Hall 3080 California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6059 Letter from the Editor It is with great pleasure that I present the thirtieth volume of Clio, the award-winning, student run history journal of California State University, Sacramento (CSUS). Last year, the Clio journal was awarded second place in the Gerald D. Nash History Journal competition through Phi Alpha Theta. This year, we aim to meet or exceed that standard of excellence and to produce a journal which reflects our variety of academic interests. The following works represent the wide array of our contributors’ research, while the writing reflects their commitment to quality and willingness to engage with our editorial staff over the course of the past semester. Our editors have worked hard to ready Clio for publication, and I would like to acknowledge and recognize the fact that they often performed under inauspicious circumstances. This year, the world has been devastated by a coronavirus pandemic of heretofore unimaginable proportions. Our staff has had to work from their homes and communicate exclusively through the internet, and this has presented many difficulties in our collaborative process. Amidst the seeming permanence of the ongoing crisis, I find myself continually impressed that my peers have managed to maintain a solid disposition and remain steadfast in completing the editing process. The present moment has provided overwhelming proof for the salience of history. We live in an increasingly dangerous moment and face an uncertain future. Amidst panic, mass casualties, and economic hardships, leaders in the United States and around the world have pointed to convenient and often defenseless scapegoats to justify their incapacity to confront the present crisis. Many of the submissions in this journal deal directly with similar phenomena throughout history, and it is our hope that readers identify some of these parallels and take something away from them. We would like to thank the generous support of the faculty and staff at CSUS. I would also like to specifically thank Dr. Aaron J. Cohen, our faculty advisor for Clio, who has guided us through the process of creating a professional academic journal. We would not have been able to survive our various zoom meetings without his wry sense of humor, and his advice has allowed us to evolve as writers and editors. I would also like to thank the College of Arts & Letters and the History Department for supporting us throughout this difficult process. Finally, I would like to thank the friends and family of our Clio editorial team and all the students and alumni who are committed to supporting the journal. We are proud to present this year’s edition of Clio, and we are grateful for everyone’s support. Samuel Bein Editor-in-Chief Table of Contents In Memoriam 1 Our Contributors 2 Articles Endangered and Empowered: Women in the Frontier During the 6 California Gold Rush José Miranda Campbell A Dream Destroyed: The Chinese Experience in 19th Century America 22 Sam Bein To Conquer a Land of Sinners and Heathens: The American Missionary 34 Association and the Propagation of Pilgrim Tradition Jacob Jennerjohn Moral Internationalism Versus Patriotic Isolationism: An Ideological 54 Analysis of America’s Debate on the League of Nations Kelly Cullity From Starvation Flows Anarchy and Chaos: Hoover’s Humanitarian 68 Efforts in Europe During and After World War I Corinne Lethco Convict Labor: The Modernization of Southern Tradition 79 Jordan Dietrich The Cloud of Unknowing: Medieval Mysticism, Gender, and Sexuality 93 Alex Knox Ancient Greek Ideas on the Nature of Reality and Their Direct Influence 107 on the Discovery of Quantum Mechanics Michelle Spremich The Cartography of Power: The Politics of Cartography, Geography, and 117 Discovery in Hapsburg Spain Joshua Lourence The Nazis’ First Victims: Anti-Semitism, World War II, and Memory 132 Within Austria Trent Capurso More Than A Club: F.C. Barcelona and Franco’s Regime 145 Belen Cisneros A Club of Her Own: Mitzi Shore & the Comedy Store 158 Steven Lynn Geography of Discontent: How American Conservatism Was Shaped by 175 the Politics of Race and Class Geoffrey McCoy Art Look Back and Not See Yourself 188 Theresa Nguyen Racing Through My Head & Double Binds for Sale 189 Theresa Nguyen Where Do I Go & (help me) 190 Theresa Nguyen Book Reviews Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of 191 Japan. Carrie Sheahan Erika Lee and Judy Yung. Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to America 192 Arthur Henry Thomas Andrews. Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War. 194 Antonio Flores Jean O’Brien. Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New 195 England. Corinne Lethco Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet. Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of 197 Motherhood in Iran. Jonathan Brimer Him Mark Lai. Chinese American Transnational Politics. 199 Sam Bein Dan Berger. Captive Nation: Black Prison Organizing in the Civil Rights Era. 200 Mike McKenney Christina B. Hanhardt. Space: Gay Neighborhood History and the Politics of 202 Violence. Trent Capurso Roger B. Manning. War and Peace in the Western Political Imagination: From 204 Classical Antiquity to the Age of Reason. Justin Honeycutt Warwick Anderson. Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and 205 Hygiene in the Philippines. Andrew Foley Erica Dunbar. Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their 207 Runaway Slave, Ona Judge. Kira Hall Clio Staff 210 Scholarships, Awards, and Prizes 214 Phi Alpha Theta Conference 217 1 In Memoriam Robert Long Born in 1938, Robert Long received his B.A. in History at the University of Iowa in 1960. He completed his Ph.D. in History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison focusing on twentieth century US history. From 1965 to 2000, Dr. Long taught at California State University, Sacramento, and volunteered at Folsom Prison’s Academic Program for Inmates. While at CSUS, he taught political and social history and developed courses on the Watergate scandal, the Vietnam War, and had a part in developing the first African American history course at Sac State. 2 Our Contributors José Miranda Campbell José Miranda Campbell is a student at California State University, Sacramento, with academic interests in American history, Latin American history, as well as the intersectional concepts of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality. José will be graduating with a BA in History from Sacramento State in Spring 2020 and will be returning to continue his work as a graduate student the following Fall. As a graduate student, José plans to continue studying history in the Americas and how that history has translated to representation within popular culture, including books, movies, television, and comic books. Samuel Bein Samuel Bein is a second-year graduate student at Sacramento State University. He is currently pursuing his M.A. in History, focusing primarily on the Middle East. He is interested in the history of slave revolts and plans to pursue his Ph.D. at Berkeley after he graduates. Jacob Jennerjohn Jacob Jennerjohn graduated from Sacramento State in Fall 2019 with a BA in history. In Fall 2020 he will begin an MA program at Georgetown studying missionary activities in the West Indies and the American South after Emancipation. Kelly Cullity Kelly Cullity is currently pursuing an MA in History at California State University, Sacramento with an interest in twentieth century United States history. She graduated with her BA from California State University, Sacramento in 2010 and was the recipient of the Peter H. Shattuck Undergraduate Scholarship, as well as voted the top honors student by the history faculty. Her paper Moral Internationalism Versus Patriotic Isolationism: An Ideological Analysis of America’s Debate on the League of Nations was recently awarded second place in the graduate division of the Phi Alpha Theta Northern California conference and awarded second place in the College of Arts and Letters graduate division of the California State University, Sacramento 3 Student Research Symposium. Kelly currently resides in Sacramento with her husband Ian and her two children, Oliver and Sophie. Corinne Lethco Corinne Lethco is a graduate student at California State University, Sacramento and expects to earn her MA in Fall 2020 with a focus in US History. Her academic interests include the interpretation of historical events and the formation of memory, historical amnesia, and crazy people. She hopes to go on to become a community college professor and instill the love of history in her students as her teachers have done for her. Jordan Dietrich Jordan Dietrich is a James Madison Fellow and a graduate student in the History M.A. program at Sacramento State University. Her research primarily deals with issues of race and criminal justice within the United States. She loves living in Sacramento and trying new restaurants in the farm-to-fork capital.