THE JEWELRY OF POTTERY MOUND With a Comparison to Tijeras Pueblo By Lucy C. Schuyler Maxwell Museum Technical Series No. 26 Maxwell Museum of Anthropology University of New Mexico 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................. xi 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 1 Excavations at Pottery Mound............................................................................................. 2 Methods................................................................................................................................3 Overview of the Artifacts.....................................................................................................4 2. JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTIFACTS IN THE COLLECTIONS..................................... 5 Beads.................................................................................................................................... 6 Bone......................................................................................................................... 6 Shell......................................................................................................................... 8 Stone...................................................................................................................... 11 Ceramic.................................................................................................................. 14 Bead Blanks....................................................................................................................... 15 Pendants............................................................................................................................. 16 Shell....................................................................................................................... 17 Stone...................................................................................................................... 21 Bone....................................................................................................................... 24 Ceramic.................................................................................................................. 26 Pendant Blanks...................................................................................................................28 Gorgets............................................................................................................................... 29 Earrings and Earring Blank................................................................................................ 30 Rings.................................................................................................................................. 31 Bracelets............................................................................................................................. 32 Raw Material...................................................................................................................... 32 Unknown............................................................................................................................ 33 3. THE ARTIFACTS BY EXCAVATION AND PROVENIENCE............................................. 35 Excavations........................................................................................................................ 37 Provenience Categories...................................................................................................... 40 Neighborhoods................................................................................................................... 42 Found in Rooms..................................................................................................... 44 Found in Kivas....................................................................................................... 58 Found in Non-Structural Areas Other than Middens............................................. 61 Found in Middens.................................................................................................. 65 Items Lacking a Provenience............................................................................................. 69 Burials................................................................................................................................ 71 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Page 4. OUTSIDE INFLUENCES......................................................................................................... 77 Evidence of Jewelry in Murals.......................................................................................... 79 Distant Connections........................................................................................................... 82 5. COMPARISON TO JEWELRY AT TIJERAS PUEBLO........................................................ 85 Methods..............................................................................................................................87 Overall Comparison........................................................................................................... 87 Beads and Pendants............................................................................................................89 Comparison of Materials........................................................................................89 Comparison of Shapes........................................................................................... 94 Indications of Jewelry Making and Repair........................................................................ 96 Definition of Areas at Tijeras Pueblo.............................................................................. 101 1948 Excavations................................................................................................. 104 1968 Excavation...................................................................................................105 1970s Excavations............................................................................................... 105 1986 Excavation...................................................................................................107 “Neighborhoods” at Tijeras Pueblo?................................................................... 108 Structures versus Non-Structural Areas............................................................... 114 Turquoise and Unusual Completed Jewelry.................................................................... 117 Jewelry Artifacts Associated with Burials....................................................................... 117 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 123 Caveats............................................................................................................................. 123 Jewelry in the Collections................................................................................................ 123 Beads.................................................................................................................... 123 Pendants............................................................................................................... 124 Other Items...........................................................................................................124 Jewelry Artifacts by Provenience.................................................................................... 125 External Influences.......................................................................................................... 128 Comparison to Jewelry at Tijeras Pueblo........................................................................ 128 REFERENCES CITED................................................................................................................ 133 Appendix A. THE DATA SET.................................................................................................... 139 Recorded Artifact Data.................................................................................................... 150 Discrepancies....................................................................................................... 151 Standardized Proveniences.................................................................................. 151 “Unknown” Artifacts........................................................................................... 152 The Dan Adams Collection.............................................................................................. 152 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Page Appendix B. POTTERY MOUND JEWELRY UNRESOLVED ISSUES................................. 155 Artifacts Documented but Not Found.............................................................................. 155 Shells Associated with a Cremation................................................................................ 157 Room Counts................................................................................................................... 158 Detailed Listings of Pottery