TAXON: Gilia capitata SCORE: 6.5 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Gilia capitata Family: Polemoniaceae Common Name(s): blue field gilia Synonym(s): Gilia glandulifera A.Heller bluehead gilia Gilia pallida A.Heller globe gilia Navarretia capitata (Sims) Kuntze Assessor: Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 22 Sep 2014 WRA Score: 6.5 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual, Wildflower, Naturalized, Self-Compatible, Bee-pollinated Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Low tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 n subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 22 Sep 2014 (Gilia capitata) Page 1 of 14 TAXON: Gilia capitata SCORE: 6.5 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 22 Sep 2014 (Gilia capitata) Page 2 of 14 TAXON: Gilia capitata SCORE: 6.5 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Baldwin, B.G., Goldman, D.H., Keil, D.J., Patterson, R., & Rosatti, T.J. (eds.). 2012. The Jepson Manual. Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition, Thoroughly Revised No evidence and Expanded.University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Low tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University "Native from British Columbia south to California;" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Wildflower Information.org. 2006. Globe Gilia - Gilia capitata. [Can grow in >5 hardiness zones] "Zones: 3-10" http://www.wildflowerinformation.org/Wildflower.asp? ID=84. [Accessed 19 Sep 2014] Baldwin, B.G., Goldman, D.H., Keil, D.J., Patterson, R., & Rosatti, T.J. (eds.). 2012. The Jepson Manual. Vascular [Two subspecies have elevation ranges that exceed 1000 m] "subsp. Plants of California, Second Edition, Thoroughly Revised abrotanifolia ... Sandy, loamy slopes; gen <1900(3018) m" ... "subsp. and Expanded.University of California Press, Berkeley and capitata ... Rocky slopes; 30-2400 m." Los Angeles Creation Date: 22 Sep 2014 (Gilia capitata) Page 3 of 14 TAXON: Gilia capitata SCORE: 6.5 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 n subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [Only at higher elevations] "in Hawaii sparingly naturalized on the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University Haleakala, 2,400-2,500 m, Maui." of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University "in Hawaii sparingly naturalized on Haleakala, 2,400-2,500 m, Maui." of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. [Planted outside native range of California] "This plant has been said Dave's Garden. 2014. PlantFiles: Queen Anne's Thimbles, to grow in the following regions: Phoenix, Arizona Canoga Park, Blue Thimble Flower, Globe Gilia - Gilia capitata. California El Sobrante, California Richmond, California San Francisco, http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53225/. [Accessed California Barbourville, Kentucky Bend, Oregon Stroudsburg, 22 Sep 2014] Pennsylvania Kalama, Washington Charleston, West Virginia" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Howell, C. J., & Sawyer, J. W. (2006). New Zealand naturalised vascular plant checklist. New Zealand Plant "Gilia capitata" ... "Naturalised plant status - Casual" Conservation Network, Wellington, NZ Heenan, P. B., de Lange, P. J., Cameron, E. K., & Champion, P. D. 2002. Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms, and "Gilia capitata" ... "NEW RECORD: AK 235777, A. E. Wright, 15 Jan pteridophytes naturalised or casual in New Zealand: 1998, Canterbury, Christchurch. additional records 199 ʹϮϬϬϬ͘New Zealand Journal of NOTES: Occurs in a dry street frontage." Botany, 40(2): 155-174 "Illinois Distribution: Known only as a garden escape in Putnam Mohlenbrock, R.H. 1990. The illustrated flora of Illinois: County. Gilia capitata is an infrequently grown and highly variable Flowering plants: Nightshades to Mistletoe. SIU Press, garden ornamental in Illinois. Its collection from Illinois adjacent to a Carbondale, IL garden casts doubt as to its spontaneity in Illinois." Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "in Hawaii sparingly naturalized on Haleakala, 2,400-2,500 m, Maui. the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University First collected in 1929 (Swezey s.n., BISH)." of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Creation Date: 22 Sep 2014 (Gilia capitata) Page 4 of 14 TAXON: Gilia capitata SCORE: 6.5 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Ornamental horticulture has been recognized as the main pathway for plant invasions worldwide. We examined the link between propagule pressure created by the presence of ornamental plants in the market and their ability to escape from cultivation and establish in the wild. A random sample of 534 non-native ornamental species on sale in nineteenth century Britain showed that 27% of these species were recorded growing outside cultivation and 30% of those DehnenͲSchmutz, K., Touza, J., Perrings, C., & Williamson, were established. Species that had escaped from cultivation were M. 2007. The horticultural trade and ornamental plant more frequently on sale both in the nineteenth century and today invasions in Britain. Conservation Biology, 21(1): 224-231 than nonescaping species." ... "We refer to species known outside cultivation as escaping and categorized them as casual (i.e., not persisting in Britain without reintroduction, unlikely to be permanent" ... "Table 3. The 26 species available from four or more nurseries out of eight in the 1860s and their availability from nurseries today (according to the Plant Finder [Lord 1987; Royal Horticultural Society 2004])." [Gilia capitata - Status = Casual] "West slope, gulch below road at 8400 ft. This lavender-flowered annual herb was first collected in the state and the Park in 1929 (m Medeiros, A.C., Loope, L.L. & Chimera, C.G.