1 Law 561 Int’l Criminal law Harrington 2 INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................6 i) Source of ICL (Art 38(1) ICJ Statute) ....................................................................................6 ii) Goal of International Criminal Law: ...................................................................................6 JURISDICTION:...................................................................................................................... 8 i) Forms of jurisdiction:...............................................................................................................8 ii) Conceptual Matters: ................................................................................................................9 iii) Traditional Heads of Jurisdiction: .....................................................................................9 1. Territorial:............................................................................................................................................................9 2. Nationality......................................................................................................................................................... 10 3. Passive Personality: ..................................................................................................................................... 10 4. Protective Principle: .................................................................................................................................... 10 5. Universal............................................................................................................................................................ 10 NATIONAL PROSECUTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIME:.......................................12 i) National prosecutions are preferred, but problematic:.............................................. 12 ii) Does the State have an obligation to prosecute?: ........................................................ 12 1. Treaty Obligations:....................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Customary Obligations:.............................................................................................................................. 13 3. Statutory limitations: .................................................................................................................................. 13 4. Double Jeopardy:........................................................................................................................................... 13 iii) Canada: Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act, etc.:................................. 13 STATE COOPERATION WITH RESPECT TO NATIONAL PROCEEDINGS................15 i) Introduction: ........................................................................................................................... 15 ii) Interaction with human rights:......................................................................................... 15 iii) Extradition: ........................................................................................................................... 15 iv) Case Law (Kindler v. Canada, Soreing, Burns) ............................................................. 16 v) Mutual Legal Assistance:..................................................................................................... 17 Transfer of proceedings:................................................................................................................................. 17 Enforcement of penalties:.............................................................................................................................. 17 HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL PROSECUTIONS: FROM IMT (NURENBERG/FAR EAST).....................................................................................................................................17 i) Early History of the International Tribunals: ................................................................ 18 1. WW1: ................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2. The Interwar Period:................................................................................................................................... 19 3. WW2/IMT Nurembeg/Tokyo:................................................................................................................ 19 Final Assessment of the Early Tribunals:............................................................................................... 22 ii) ICTY and ICTR and their contributions: ......................................................................... 22 1. ICTY:..................................................................................................................................................................... 22 2. ICTR...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 3. Final comments on AD HOC tribunals:............................................................................................... 26 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT:...................................................................26 i) Origins:...................................................................................................................................... 26 The Rome Conference...................................................................................................................................... 26 ii) Rome Statute.......................................................................................................................... 27 Aims: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 iii) Crimes in Rome Statute: .................................................................................................... 27 Genocide (art. 6) ................................................................................................................................................. 27 Crimes Against Humanity (art. 7).............................................................................................................. 28 3 War Crimes (art 8)............................................................................................................................................. 28 Elements of crime (art. 9):............................................................................................................................. 28 iii) How do crimes get before ICC?......................................................................................... 28 Exercise of Jurisdiction (art. 13)................................................................................................................. 28 Subject Matter of Jurisdiction (art. 5)...................................................................................................... 29 Temporal Jurisdiction (art. 11)................................................................................................................... 29 Geographic:............................................................................................................................................................ 29 Other jurisdictional matters:........................................................................................................................ 29 Principle of Complementarity:.................................................................................................................... 29 Other provisions:................................................................................................................................................ 30 iv) United States and the ICC:.................................................................................................. 30 v) Arguments in favour of ICC:................................................................................................ 31 vi) Principles of Legality of ICC............................................................................................... 31 vii) Sentencing:........................................................................................................................... 31 viii) Four Situations Before the ICC....................................................................................... 31 1. Lubanga – on trial for crimes in DRC – State referral................................................................. 31 2. Uganda – referral by state of Uganda.................................................................................................. 32 3. Darfur – SC referral (2005)...................................................................................................................... 32 4. Central African Republic – State referral .......................................................................................... 32 ix) Truth Reconcilation Commissions, Amnesties and ICC:............................................ 32 HYBRID OR INTERNATIONALIZED CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS:...................................33 i) Overview: ................................................................................................................................