WOMEN’S COMMISSION for refugee women & children GLOBAL SURVEY on Education in Emergencies ■ Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children WOMEN’S COMMISSION for refugee women & children Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children 122 East 42nd Street New York, NY 10168-1289 tel. 212.551.3111 or 3088 fax. 212.551.3180 [email protected] www.womenscommission.org ISBN: 1-58030-C29-4 Cover photo credits: © February 2004 by Women’s Commission Lynne Bethke (top left) for Refugee Women and Children Ramina Johal (top right) All rights reserved. Khalil Mahshi (bottom two photographs) Printed in the United States of America UNHCR/A. Hollmann (back cover) Mission Statement Acknowledgments (continued) The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children works to improve the lives and defend the rights of refugee In addition, we would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for their assistance with the and internally displaced women, children and adolescents. We advocate for their inclusion and participation in programs of Global Survey: Sepideh Yousefzadeh, Ellen Lange, Lyndsay Bird, Sarah Lucas, Ulrike Storost, Ronja Hoelzer, humanitarian assistance and protection. We provide technical expertise and policy advice to donors and organizations that Binta Mansaray, Julian Watson and Jonathan Miller; Adventist Development & Relief Agency: Miguel work with refugees and the displaced. We make recommendations to policy makers based on rigorous research and Cordeiro; ADPP: Rikke Viholm; Africa Educational Trust: Michael Brophy; AVSI: Elena Locatelli; Burmese information gathered on fact-finding missions. We join with refugee women, children and adolescents to ensure that their Border Consortium: Jack Dunford, Sally Thompson, Ashley South; CARE: Gituro Wainaina; Consortium- voices are heard from the community level to the highest councils of governments and international organizations. We do Thailand (World Education/World Learning): Ingrid Martonova, Fred Ligon, Lala Borja, Jacob Thomson, this in the conviction that their empowerment is the surest route to the greater well-being of all forcibly displaced people. James Hicks; Forum-Asia: Chris Lewa; GTZ: Israr Khan, Gabriele Boehringer; INEE: Beverly Roberts; The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children is an independent affiliate of the International Rescue International Rescue Committee: Rebecca Winthrop, David Walker, Marie de la Soudiere, Wendy Smith, Committee. The Commission was founded in 1989. Fred Farwenel, Myerlin Keculah, Cordelia Pratt, Bryan Cox, Amy Wachtel, Michelle Barnes, Anne Fitzgerald; Holy Rosary Primary School (Sierra Leone): Esther Williams; Jesuit Refugee Services: Lolin Menendez, The Global Survey on Education in Emergencies Barbara Anderson, Rob Fenlon, Joe Hampson, Paolo Cereda, Christine Bloch, Htoo Law Hsaw; Karen Teacher Working Group: Scott O’Brien; Lutheran World Federation: Bobby Waddell, Lavendah Okwoyo; The Global Survey on Education in Emergencies is a project of the Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. Ministry of Education, Angola: Luisa Grilo; Ministry of Education, Liberia: Marcus S. Sokpal; Ministry of It is an effort to understand how many refugee, displaced and returnee children and youth have access to education and Education, Science and Technology, Sierra Leone: Albert DuPigny; National Health and Education the nature of the education they receive. The Global Survey was conducted by Mary Diaz of the Women’s Commission and Committee: Thein Lwin; Norwegian Refugee Council: Petra Pellfolk, Marit Sørheim, Gunnar Richter Lynne Bethke and Scott Braunschweig of InterWorks under secondment to the Women’s Commission. Johansen, Berit Nordbakke, Anny Brenne Svendsen, João Roque, Nancy Smart, Karen Glavind, Grete Ravn Omdal, Eric Demers, Hans Christen Knævelsrud, Jörgen Baltzer, Barthélemy Sikubwabo, Terje Hope, Acknowledgements Margaret Admala, Celestin Kamori, Georg Mevold; Ockenden International: Graham Wood; Open Society Institute: Juliana Martins, Luis Costa; Plan International Sierra Leone: Mohamed B. Lamin, Sahr JB This report was written by Lynne Bethke and Scott Braunschweig and edited by Mary Diaz and Diana Quick of the Ngayenga, Bell’Aube Houinato; Refugee Education Trust: Marina Lopez Anselme, Ann Avery; Sanayee Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. Design and layout were provided by Susan Kummer of Artifax. Development Foundation: Jana Frey; Save the Children: Helen Kirby, Anita Cole, Habtamu Tabor, Mengistu Edo, Hans Lind, Tomas Hildebrand, Lene Steffen, Duncan Harvey, Katy Webley; UNESCO Institute of The Global Survey was developed in collaboration with UNHCR, UNICEF, UNESCO and the Inter-agency Network for Statistics: Simon Ellis; UNESCO International Institute of Educational Planning: Khalil Mahshi; UNHCR: Education in Emergencies (INEE). Many people from many different organizations generously contributed information about Nemia Temporal, Bela Hovy, Pamela Baxter, Tim Brown, Tiziana Clerico, Hema Vinod, Stevenson T. Seidi; their education programs. The authors thank all of them for their contributions. A special word of thanks goes to several UNICEF: Leila Pakkala, Judith Chesoni, Pilar Aguilar, Robert Carr, Naoko Akiyama, Vedasto Nsanzugwanko, individuals who have supported the Global Survey since 2001, including Christopher Talbot, Peter Buckland, Kacem Francisco Basili, Gabriela Johnson, Jean Lieby, Gareth Jones, Saudamini Siegrist, Abdul-Rahman Sowa; Bensalah, Eldrid Midttun, Margaret Sinclair, Beverlee Bruce, Nancy Drost, Wendy Smith, Jane Lowicki, Allison Anderson UNRWA: Lamis Alami; VOA Refugee Camp School (Liberia): Amos A. Fully; VUSAF: Marga Flader; Watchlist Pillsbury, Jane Benbow, Christine Knudsen and Susan Nicolai. on Children in Armed Conflict: Julia Freedson; WFP: Michelle Iseminger, Isata Dauda; World Organization The Women’s Commission expresses its sincere thanks to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for its generous support and for Early Child Education: Rebecca Benson; ZOA Refugee Care: Jan Lamberink, Loytee; Zuannah Town funding of the Global Survey on Education in Emergencies. (Acknowledgments continued on back cover.) School (Liberia): Ramatu Shariff. Global Survey on Education in Emergencies February 2004 Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children C O N T E N T S Executive summary iii Acronyms vii PART I – Global Review 1 Introduction 3 Education in emergencies: what is it? 6 Access to education in emergencies 9 Teachers 17 Curriculum 21 Textbooks and educational materials 22 Facilities 23 Funding 24 Conclusion 25 PART II – Country Reports 27 Burma 29 Democratic Republic of Congo 35 Guinea 44 Kenya 48 Liberia 52 Pakistan 57 Sierra Leone 61 Sudan 71 Tanzania 75 Thailand 79 Uganda 84 References 93 PART III – Who’s doing what, where 103 Executive summary Students In 2000, at the World Education Forum in Dakar, ■ More than 27 million children and youth Senegal, 180 countries committed to “ensuring affected by armed conflict, including refugees that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, chil- and internally displaced persons (IDPs), do dren in difficult circumstances [including those not have access to formal education. The affected by war] and those belonging to ethnic vast majority of these (more than 90 percent) minorities, have access to and complete, free are internally displaced or within their and compulsory primary education of good country of origin. (See Table 2.) quality” (UNESCO 2000). Despite this commit- ■ The majority of internally displaced and ment, education in emergencies remains under- refugee children who are in school are supported. In addition, there is no clear global enrolled in the early primary grades. picture of education programming in emergen- cies, partially because there are a number of ■ While girls are almost as likely as boys to be organizations—governmental, United Nations, enrolled in pre-primary and grade one, their nongovernmental (NGOs), religious—that enrollment decreases steadily after that. provide much-needed education services in Continued focus on girls’ education is these situations and also because there is no required to reach the Education for All (EFA) centralized statistical reporting system for goal of “eliminating gender disparities in capturing the education data from all these primary and secondary education by 2005.” sources. This Global Survey on Education in ■ Only six percent of all refugee students are Emergencies (Global Survey) is an attempt to enrolled in secondary education. For IDP gather information on how many refugee, youth, even fewer opportunities exist. displaced and returnee children and youth have ■ access to education and the nature of the educa- Adolescents and youth have the least access tion they receive. to formal education. Many have not completed even primary education and so The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women require a range of formal and non-formal and Children began the Global Survey in 2001 education options. with initial support from the UN High ■ Children, youth and their families value and Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the UN want formal education. From the forests of Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the UN eastern Burma to the IDP camps outside of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Monrovia, Liberia, families seek out and (UNESCO). Accordingly, the first wave of data communities support educational activities collection focused on interviews and document with the hope that one day their children will review at the headquarters