International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Chauffeurs September 2017 www.ieahev.org Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings, and publications of HEV TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. HEV TCP was previously known as the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA-HEV). The labelling changed in 2016. Cover Photo: Electric taxi by Chinese automaker BAIC BJEV. Beijing’s fleet of 70,000 taxis will gradually be replaced by EVs. (Image Courtesy: private) The Electric Drive Chauffeurs Cover Designer: Anita Theel (Digital Media Designer) ii International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Annual Report Prepared by the Executive Committee and Task 1 over the Year 2016 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Chauffeurs Editor: Gereon Meyer (Operating Agent Task 1, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Co-editors: Jadranka Dokic, Heike Jürgens, Diana M. Tobias (VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Contributing Authors: René-Pierre Allard Natural Resources Canada Canada James Barnes Barnes Tech Advising United States Martin Beermann Joanneum Research Austria Graham Brennan SEAI Ireland Jens Brokate DLR Germany Carol Burelle Natural Resources Canada Canada Pierpaolo Cazzola IEA France Cristina Corchero IREC Spain Meally Declan SEAI Ireland Andreas Dorda BMVIT Austria Julie Francis Allegheny Science & Technology United States Halil S. Hamut TÜBITAK MRC Turkey David Howell U.S. Department of Energy United States Gerfried Jungmeier Joanneum Research Austria Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Florian Kleiner DLR Germany Martti Korkiakoski Tekes Finland Mikko Koskue Finpro Finland Juan Fco. Larrazábal Roche IDEA Spain Matthias Laske FZ Jülich Germany Jun Li CATARC China Ock Taeck Lim University of Ulsan Rep. of Korea Gereon Meyer VDI/VDE-IT Germany James F. Miller Argonne National Laboratory United States Carlo Mol VITO Belgium Sonja Munnix Netherlands Enterprise Agency The Netherlands Urs Muntwyler HEV TCP Chairman Switzerland Hannes Neupert EnergyBus Germany Burak Ozpineci Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Maxime Pasquier ADEME France Giovanni Pede ENEA Italy Claudio Pfister Electrosuisse Switzerland Michael Rask Raskgreentech Denmark Aymeric Rousseau Argonne National Laboratory United States Manel Sanmarti IREC Spain Stephan Schmid DLR Germany Masahiro Suzuki METI Japan Philipp Walser Association e’mobile Switzerland Tim Ward OLEV United Kingdom Martina Wikström Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Bert Witkamp AVERE Belgium Astrid Wolfbeisser A3PS Austria iii Contents Page A: About HEV TCP 1 Chairperson’s Message 1 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 13 B: HEV TCP Tasks 3 Task 1 – Information Exchange 31 4 Task 23 – Light-Electric-Vehicle Parking and Charging Infrastructure 35 5 Task 24 – Economic Impact Assessment of E-Mobility 45 6 Task 25 – Plug-in Electric Vehicles 53 7 Task 26 – Wireless Power Transfer for EVs 65 8 Task 27 – Electrification of Transport Logistic Vehicles (eLogV) 73 9 Task 28 – Home Grids and V2X Technologies 79 10 Task 29 – Electrified, Connected and Automated Vehicles 89 11 Task 30 – Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles 93 12 Task 31 – Fuels and Energy Carriers for Transport 111 13 Task 32 – Small Electric Vehicles 115 14 Task 33 – Battery Electric Buses 119 15 Task 34 – Batteries 127 C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide 16 Overview 133 17 Austria 135 18 Belgium 145 19 Canada 177 20 Denmark 193 21 Finland 201 22 France 207 23 Germany 217 24 Ireland 225 v C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide (Cont.) 25 Italy 231 26 The Netherlands 251 27 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 265 28 Spain 273 29 Sweden 283 30 Switzerland 291 31 Turkey 303 32 United Kingdom 311 33 United States 321 34 Developments in Selected HEV TCP Non-Member Countries: China, Japan 331 D: Practical Information HEV TCP Publications 345 Vehicle Categories 353 Abbreviations 355 HEV TCP Contact Information 365 vi 1 Chairperson’s Message As chairman of the Technology Collaboration Programme Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA) I have the pleasure to introduce you to the Annual Report 2017. The report is part of our Task 1 “Information Exchange” and is produced by our member from Germany, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH. I thank them for their efforts. This report gives you an overview on the status of our working groups (Tasks) and the member countries. All together we provide our member countries with reliable information about the status of the electric, hybrid and fuel cell technologies. Probably even more important is the collaboration in the working groups (Tasks) of our technical experts. Here the experts work together and profit from their colleagues. Hybrid- and Electric Vehicles – the Long Run to the Mass Market Hybrids and EVs developed differently in the last 30 years. But they had a hard way into the market place. Now they are in a different position in the market. The hybrid car was mainly pushed into the marketplace by one company – Toyota. This was at a time when the “EV hype” of the nineties with fleet tests in Europe like Rügen (D), La Rochelle (F), and Mendrisio (CH) lost their momentum. Attractive EVs like the EV1, the electric Toyota RAV4, Citroen AX/ Saxo etc. disappeared from the market. After the stop of the ZEV act in California the interest was gone. Light EV producers like “mini el/ city el (DK)” and TWIKE (CH) struggled hard to survive. www.ieahev.org 1 2017 HEV TCP ANNUAL REPORT Figure 1: Big fleet test in Mendrisio – replacing 8 % cars with EVs in 1995 (Source: private) In HEV TCP, we lost many member countries. The interest on hybrid and especially electric vehicles went down the drain. Exhaust and efficiency problems could be solved with the diesel engine and “a nice software…”. Only Toyota went further and further and their commitment (and success) with this technology brought the hybrid technology into the market in industrialized countries. In the meantime the electric drive entered the market from the bottom. After decades of efforts electric bikes “went through the roof”. Here also, pioneers with a strong lung (and several capital infusions) brought the success. E-bikes are established in the marketplace. Their success in China is a signal from a new strong player in the field of the electric drive. EVs also entered the market from the top. Electric and hybrid busses are on the move. Special vehicles as caterpillars, construction machines, fork lifts etc. are filling some market niches. Light trains are entering new market segments in the public transport sector. Trolley busses and trolley hybrids with batteries and fast charging capability give city planners new possibilities. Learning From the Best In the last years a new wave of EVs entered the market. In most of the countries, we are still in the market niche of pioneers and opinion leaders. Either EVs are very expensive like the Tesla models or they are both expensive and have limited range and usability. If we study the classical Rogers’ curve of innovation we can see that we are still in the area of the innovators and pioneers. For them the 2 www.ieahev.org CHAPTER 1 – CHAIRPERSON’S MESSAGE characteristics of EVs are mostly satisfactory. Several models offer interesting features – and for all the others there are many plug-in-hybrids or Tesla models. To be frank, only one country, Norway has entered the market segment of the early majority. This gives us the chance to learn from Norway. Norway is a small but rich country with a very high production (and consumption) of clean electricity, mainly from hydro. Their tax import system gives them the opportunity to support the import of electric vehicles. Norway has no car industry and this gives them the opportunity to cooperate with the most innovative producers. HEV TCP invited Norway to work within our group. I’m sure we can learn and profit from each other. Another country with an interesting market penetration is the Netherlands. More than 100,000 EVs are in use there now. I was very impressed about the pragmatic installation of EV charging stations in the streets of Amsterdam. This is important for peoples living in rental and multi-level houses. Figure 2: Sent the old postal vehicles into the museum (Source: Swiss Kyburz DTX postal EV) Looking into our member countries, we see interesting initiatives and the use of all kinds of EVs on the local level and in market segments. In my home country Switzerland, the Swiss postal service put the last postal service vehicle with an ICE motor into the museum. They now only use electric three wheelers for that service. Going over our member countries we see new players outside of the IEA (OECD) countries. The most interesting country is China. China made tremendous efforts in technology, production and use of cars. China is still the market leader in electric bikes, photovoltaic and wind energy. With the new credit system for EVs and www.ieahev.org 3 2017 HEV TCP ANNUAL REPORT PHEVs China requests a market share of these technologies. Car producers have to reach a certain market share with EV and PHEV or have to limit their car production or have to buy credits. This request from big car producer production numbers in the range of 100,000 cars per technology. China gives the EV community a strong push. – Another country we have to visit and to learn from! Please take a look in the country chapters of this Annual Report 2017 for other examples.