Anna Seward (1742-1809) by Marion Roberts The eighteenth century was a competitive world, progress being made by the money you had or the notice you attracted; with whom you mixed and to whose gatherings you were invited; how much influence you had and how many connections you made. All these were of much concern. You needed to understand the rules of social rank and have a respect for wealth. Being female in a society which valued female dependency was difficult, but could sometimes be turned to advantage. Women’s lives seemed to be a progress of various milestones: maiden, wife, mother, and, if she was unlucky, widow, dowager and grandmother. At each stage, women were expected to bow to the will of providence and do their duty. For Anna Seward to be mistress of herself was paramount: to be self-possessed, self-controlled and self- sufficient, brave and enduring in the face of misfortune. She turned her back on the institution of marriage, which she blamed for her misfortunes and despite several proposals, resolved to lead a quiet, spinster life. But as Robert Burns would write: ‘The best laid schemes of mice and men/ Gang aft a-gley ’. Anna Seward was born in 1742 in the Plague village of Eyam, in the Derbyshire hills, where her father, the Rev. Thomas Seward, was minister. A redheaded, precocious, sensitive child, she could recite Milton at the age of three. She was greatly attached to her younger sister, Sarah. Sarah died, aged nineteen, from an ‘unspecified fever’ (possibly Miliary Tuberculosis) just before her arranged marriage to Joseph Porter. Porter was a forty-year-old ‘merchant from Leghorn Italy’ and the stepson of Samuel Johnson. She also enjoyed a close friendship with Honora Sneyd, her ‘adopted’ sister, who came into the Seward household when the child’s father was left a widower and needed someone to care for one of his children. When Anna was seven, her father having been appointed Canon-Residentiary at the Cathedral, they moved to Lichfield, Staffordshire, moving into the Bishop’s Palace when the Bishop refused to live in it. Here Anna lived for seventy years until her death in 1809. The Rev. Thomas Seward was known as a ‘genteel, well-bred clergyman’ who had contributed to Dodsley’s Collection (1748) and had edited the Works of Beaumont & Fletcher (10 vols. 1750). He educated his daughter at home, recognising and encouraging her literary and early poetic ability much to the resentment of his wife, Elizabeth Hunter, who, worried that her bookish daughter would disconcert any suitor and remain unmarried, becoming dependent on her father in later years, tried to persuade her husband to pour cold water on Anna’s efforts. So, how did this provincial gentlewoman, living in splendid isolation in Lichfield, deep in the heart of the Midlands, birthplace of Samuel Johnson and David Garrick, and who now, unlike them, is largely forgotten, come to have such an impact on British literary life? Her success can be partly explained by the power of her personality, but it is also a tribute to the rich resources of eighteenth-century life. Lichfield, at that time was the centre of cultural life in the Midlands, its inhabitants enjoying a wide range of interests: poetry, botany, gardening, walking, dancing, plays at the Guildhouse, visits to London and to health resorts, music, (Lichfieldians were passionate about Handel) and discussions of philosophy, experiments and inventions. The Seward family cultivated an ‘open door’ policy at the Bishop’s Palace, holding breakfast, tea, dinner and supper parties and musical evenings, to which many from the prebendary houses in The Close: The Addenbrookes, Smallbrookes, Woodhouses, Vyses and the Garrick ladies. Anna, well read, with an active mind and great personal charm was always in the midst, enjoying herself with a fierce intensity. Now quite a beauty, she elicited adulation whenever she appeared. 1746 saw the arrival of Erasmus Darwin in Lichfield, where he came to set up a medical practice in Beacon Street, becoming the Seward family physician. A bachelor, of average height, slightly stooped, thick-set, inclined to corpulence, with a bad stammer, Anna did not at first care for him, but Darwin saw and greatly encouraged her poetic potential, much to the anger of her father, who did not wish to be eclipsed by his daughter. Darwin could be sarcastic, even arrogant, but with Anna, he was always ‘playful’. At 14, she fancied herself in love with him, hoped for marriage, and was devastated when he married her seventeen-year-old friend, Mary Howard, in 1747. Anna was not without admirers. She had surreptitious affairs with Cornet Vyse and Colonel Hugh Taylor, both serving military men, but they came to nothing. Her father found out, forbade her to leave the house and reminded her that she had no dowry. In John Saville, her music teacher, concert singer and Vicar Choral at the Cathedral, though, she found her ‘soulmate’, her ‘heart’s darling’ and they lived a rather ‘open’ and devoted life together at the Bishop’s Palace, while his wife, ‘a vulgar, abusive shrew’, according to Anna, and their children lived a short distance away in The Close. They first met when her father asked Saville to teach his twelve-year-old daughter the harpsichord. He was twenty but this did not stop a growing friendship over time, which found him often closeted with Anna in her room yet returning to his wife each night. Their behaviour scandalised the Close. Now she was travelling everywhere with him, wherever he was to perform, even to Covent Garden. Once again, her disapproving parents confronted their daughter, who vowed that theirs was ‘a love without sin’ and that there was nothing untoward in the relationship. As a result, many shunned the Seward family in Lichfield but she would never give up her beloved ‘Giovanni’. Darwin’s fame as a doctor and scientific genius brought him into contact with some of the great industrialists and thinkers of the day. Matthew Boulton, Josiah Wedgwood, James Watt, James Keir, Joseph Priestley and Dr. William Small, would not only became good friends but were to become the members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, now seen as the main intellectual powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution in England. These men met in each other’s homes to discuss their ideas and inventions and were very often entertained at the Bishop’s Palace by Anna and her family. Boulton and Small were musical and loved singing and dancing, so one may imagine rooms filled with sound and gaiety accompanied by harpsichord and fiddle; with sharp, incisive discussions round a dinner table to the clink of wine glasses or tea cups; Anna always there, listening, admiring, questioning and learning. Lichfield and the Bishop’s Palace attracted other fascinating characters. In 1770, the tall, darkly handsome, polished, rich Irishman Richard Lovell Edgeworth, (the widowed father of Maria Edgeworth), came to live at Stowe House. Rather eccentric, he used magnetism, loved conjuring tricks, designed a revolutionary phaeton, (bringing him into friendship with Darwin), and other fantastical machines. He made friends easily and loved women. He flirted outrageously with Anna and gave her hope, but devastated her by marrying her beloved Honora Sneyd, in the Cathedral in 1773, taking her back to live on his large estate in Ireland, where she died in 1780. Anna never forgave Edgeworth and carried her hatred into old age. Other frequent companions at Stowe House were: Thomas Day, another eccentric, rich, idealistic and charming. He was also a depressive misogynist, lacking in the social graces. Stooped and dishevelled, he never combed his hair but was fond of washing in a stream! He was a follower of Rousseau’s ideas on ‘education through kindness and freedom’, determined to find a wife ‘out of duty’ - hence his famous experiment with two orphan girls to discover which would be the perfect wife. Anna was totally sceptical about this experiment, though Lunar Society members were enthusiastic. They valued him but she thought it was because he owned a vast estate and had £1200 a year! Brooke Boothby, rich son and heir of the baronet of the same name, was also eccentric. A poet, he was learned, humane, enlightened, but inclined to indolence and melancholy and was often drunk. Anna thought of him as ‘far too dissipated’. An admirer of Darwin and a recruit to his literary circle, he was to become one of the founder members of the Lichfield Botanical Society. Throughout her early life, Anna had continued to write poetry, still encouraged by Darwin, who she considered her mentor. It was he who sent her poem, written in 1777, as she sat in the ‘pleasure garden’ he had constructed in a little wild valley at Abnalls, a mile from his house, to the Gentleman’s Magazine, where it was published. She had always read widely, from books, and periodicals including the Gentleman’s Magazine and the Female Spectator. She listened to what was happening around her and started to contribute forthright opinions to the Gentleman’s Magazine, exerting a powerful influence on the critical and poetic views of her day, for Anna, often outspoken herself, believed everyone was entitled to speak their mind and should have chance to display their natural genius. But it was in 1780, following the death of her mother, that her literary life really came into being. Her poems, notably her Elegy on Captain Cook (1780) and Monody on the Death of Major Andre (1781), were greatly admired, as was her sentimental verse novel, Louisa (1784), which ran to five editions in Britain and one in North America.