editorial Our print subscribers will find a pleasant conditions. Large-scale facilities offer Short pulse duration also means that it will surprise this month. Along with their August sophisticated tools that can, for example, be possible to detect diffraction signals issue of Nature Nanotechnology there comes access the physicochemical properties before the sample is irreversibly damaged. a booklet entitled Nature Milestones in of nanometre-thick films and even This will allow researchers to determine Crystallography. These extra 42 pages recount monolayers. And there are no signs of X-ray, the structure of single macromolecules the history of crystallography in 25 defining neutron or electron crystallography slowing and carry out measurements in operando moments and contains reprints of down, whether they be used for scattering, conditions, for example, following the 8 breakthrough communications and papers spectroscopy or imaging. In particular, motion of charge carriers directly in a from the Nature archives. (Online readers the fourth generation of synchrotron device, or studying single events occurring at can find the Milestones in Crystallography radiation facilities is expected to deliver an the electrode interface in energy-conversion at http://www.nature.com/milestones/ and energy-storage devices. Overall, the next milecrystal/index.html; the content is free generation of X-ray for 6 months and contains an online-only facilities, which extensive collection of articles published includes X-ray across Nature-branded journals starting with free-electron lasers, an 1883 paper by William Barlow on the and the largely packing of hard spheres.) complementary The origins of modern crystallography can neutron scattering be traced back to Max Laue who, against the techniques will backdrop of pre-First World War Germany, allow researchers conceived what Albert Einstein had no to gain a stronger hesitation labelling as one of the most connection between beautiful experiments in physics: the nanoscale structure and diffraction of X-rays by a crystal macroscopic function lattice. The implications were of matter. Moreover, immediately evident to scientists with the ability to focus of the time and in just a few years beams in increasingly a new tool for the investigation tighter regions, it will be of matter with atomic possible to induce specific precision was developed transformations with (mainly courtesy of nanometre-scale spatial William Lawrence and resolution, which could be William Henry Bragg). useful for triggering specific Crystallography self-assembly behaviours usually provides or building multicomponent conclusive results. devices. Furthermore, imaging The planarity of techniques that can already benzene, the existence of reach respectable resolutions are ionic crystals and of sandwich expected to achieve resolutions of compounds such as ferrocene, and less than 1 nanometre. the determination of complex biological We hope that while going structures are but a few examples in through our Milestone, readers will which crystallography was able to solve understanding marvel at how far the field has come scientific controversies once and for all. As of matter with in 100 years and be inspired to imagine a consequence, crystallography has been unprecedented resolution what crystallography can do for them. adopted across the sciences right from and add a whole new dimension to Nanotechnology is, after all, about the start. experiments: that of dynamics, thanks control at the smallest possible scale, and The relationship between crystallography to brilliant subfemtosecond pulses. crystallography has the potential to offer the and nanoscale objects can be traced back This capability should be exciting news enabling tools. to the discovery of powder diffraction by for nanoscience. Editorially, Paul Scherrer and his formula to measure With such methods, it will be possible to the size of colloidal particles. A hundred study single nanoparticles and characterize, years later, researchers in nanoscience for instance, the role of defects during enjoy a set of crystallographic techniques growth, or the catalytic properties of the specifically tailored for their sample surface by ‘watching’ reactions in real time. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY | VOL 9 | AUGUST 2014 | www.nature.com/naturenanotechnology 565.