43-47 Piccadilly Manchester Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Report No. Y324/18 Author: Rebecca Hunt BA MA ACIfA CFA ARCHAEOLOGY LTD Office G9 Europa Business Park Bird Hall Lane Cheadle Heath Stockport Greater Manchester SK3 0XA Tel: 01614288224 email: [email protected] web: www.cfa-archaeology.co.uk Author Rebecca Hunt BA MA ACIfA Illustrator Shelly Werner BA MPhil PhD MCIfA Editor Martin Lightfoot BA MA MCIfA Commissioned by Trafalgar Leisure Ltd. Date issued February 2018 Version 1.0 National Grid Ref SJ 84478 98300 This document has been prepared in accordance with CFA Archaeology Ltd quality procedures. 43-47 Piccadilly Manchester Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Report No. Y324/18 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 2 2. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 2 3. METHODS AND STANDARDS ......................................................................... 3 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASELINE ...................................................................... 4 5. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 9 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 10 Appendices Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Listed Buildings within 250m of the proposed development area Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Heritage Assets within 250m of the proposed development area Appendix 3: Gazetteer of HER Events within 250m of the proposed development area Figures Figure 1a: Site Location and Heritage assets within 250m buffer: Listed Buildings Figure 1b: Site Location and Heritage assets within 250m buffer Figure 1c: Site Location and Heritage assets within 250m buffer: Events Figure 1d: Site Location and Heritage assets within 250m buffer: Conservation Areas Figure 2: Historic Map Regression of Proposed Development Area Y324/18/PICC 1 CFA 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background A desk-based assessment was undertaken by CFA Archaeology on behalf of Trafalgar Leisure Ltd in support of a planning application for the erection of a 10-storey mixed use scheme that incorporates a retained 3 storey listed building, 47 Piccadilly Gardens. The assessment was undertaken during January 2018. The CFA code and number for the project are PICC/2389. 1.2 Site Description The site occupies 43-47 Piccadilly on the corner with Lever Street, Manchester. The site comprises a parcel of land occupied by the listed building 47 Piccadilly 465m2 in size (Fig.1, NGR SJ 84478 98300). 1.3 Soils and Geology The underlying bedrock consists of Chester Formation – progressive change northwards from coarse-grained, well-cemented proximal facies to fine-grained, less well-cemented dital facies; with superficial deposits of Devensian Till (BGS 2018). The soils of the area are described as ‘slowly permeable seasonally wet acid loamy and clayey soils’ (LandIS 2018). 1.4 Previous Archaeological work A Heritage Statement was produced by Allen Creedy in 2013, which concluded that the principal features of 47 Piccadilly were its association with the 18th century expansion of the residential district and the merchant class, and its mixed use. To date no intrusive archaeological fieldwork is known to have taken place within the proposed development area. 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1 General Objectives The general objective of the desk-based assessment was to produce a report to enable judgements to be made on the condition and significance of remains and any mitigation that may be necessary on the site in relation to the proposed development. 2.2 Research Objectives Specific aims for the des-based assessment were to: Identify the cultural heritage baseline within the proposed development area and assess its importance; Y324/18/PICC 2 CFA Assess the proposed development site in terms of its archaeological and historic environment potential, within the context of relevant legislation and planning policy guidelines, and; Assess the potential for the development to affect heritage sites within the proposed development area. The regional research framework is the North West Archaeological Research Framework (Brennand 2007) and the broad research strategy outlined in English Heritage’s Thematic Research Strategy for the Urban and Historic Industrial Environments (EH 2010), may also be considered to be relevant. 3. METHODS AND STANDARDS CFA Archaeology is a registered organisation (RO) with the Charted Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). All work was conducted in accordance with relevant CIfA Standards and Guidance documents (CIfA 2014a-b), Historic England guidance (EH 2008), and CFA’s standard methodology. 3.1 Desk-based Research Greater Manchester Historic Environment Record (HER) was visited on 9 January 2018, for information on sites, find spots and monuments within the proposed development area or within a 250m study area. Other sources included historic mapping, aerial photographs and relevant secondary documentary sources. In addition to the above, internet sources were consulted for information relating to general background, listed buildings and other heritage resources within the study area, and CFA’s library was consulted where relevant. 3.2 Walkover Survey CFA was provided the Heritage Statement for the development area on 12 December 2012, which provides good characterisation of the site and its current situation and therefore no walkover survey was undertaken. 3.3 Archiving The project archive, comprising all CFA record sheets, finds, plans, reports, and photographs will be ordered to nationally recognised standards (CIFA 2014c). The archive currently consists of: Digital Photographs 1 x CD Notes and Research materials Survey data and photographs 1 x A4 folder All non-confidential correspondence This Report Should further work be undertaken on the site then the archive resulting from such work would be incorporated into the current archive to be deposited together. Y324/18/PICC 3 CFA 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASELINE The list of listed buildings and HER records of monuments and archaeological events recorded within a 250m study area of the site appear as Appendix 1-3 and are plotted on Figure 1. 4.1 Desk-Based Research The current evidence of Manchester’s prehistoric past is very poor though this city’s origins are associated with the Roman fort and settlement (Mamucium). The only indication for Roman activity near the development area is a coin of Claudius Gothicus that is reported to have been found in the basement of a warehouse in Piccadilly in 1882, although the precise location of this discovery is uncertain (Miller 2014). Since the 16th century, Manchester was a provincial trade centre in the textile industry (Wild 2005). Prior to 1775 the Piccadilly area was used for the extraction of clay/marl, creating a landscape scattered with what was known as ‘Daub Holes’, beyond which lay open fields (Creedy 2013). By the 1780s, the national demand for textiles, particularly cotton, began to rise, transforming Manchester into a centre of the factory-based cotton manufacturing industry of international repute (Miller 2014). Whilst the growth and development of the study area quickly followed the construction of the Manchester Infirmary (Creedy 2013), the trades occupying the buildings were very closely related to Manchester’s new cotton manufacturing industry. From the late 18th century the development area itself consisted in part of two dwellings fronting Piccadilly (Creedy 2013). It was part of a block of buildings that mostly consisted of terraces that incorporated workshops and warehouses, fronting Piccadilly. By the turn of the 20th century the only surviving building within the development area was the front wing of 47 Piccadilly, which had been dwarfed in scale by the later surrounding late Victorian and Edwardian buildings (Creedy 2013). 4.2 Listed Buildings The Listed Buildings information was extracted from Historic England’s List (HE 2016) all of which are listed in Appendix 1 and plotted on Figure 1a. One Listed Building (1271231) existed within the development and consists of 47 Piccadilly: a Grade II Listed Building of late 18th century considered to be a town house, which is currently a vacant shop. It is dwarfed in stature by the later surrounding late Victorian and Edwardian buildings (including 1246944, 1246265, 1246670, 1246671, 1246874, 1246920, 1271112, 1271113, 1271118 and 1271232, which comprise of shops, offices, showrooms and warehouses, restaurants, cafes and a pub) and the Rylands Building, now Debenhams (1219831) to the north-west. It is one of the few Georgian buildings to exist within the Stevenson Square Conservation Area and represents the first phase of development within this area (Creedy 2013). Numbers 8 to 14 Lever Street (1200802, 1219353 and 1219363) make up the other Y324/18/PICC 4 CFA surviving Georgian buildings, existing as shops to the north-east of the development area. Further to those mentioned above, the Listed Buildings within the buffer zone consist of one Grade II* (Dale Warehouse: 1200845; has been subject to a building recording EGM3844) and a further 44 Grade II buildings. All those located in Piccadilly Gardens are statues (1271114, 1271115, 1246945 and 1246946). The four listed buildings to the south-west of Piccadilly comprise of mid 19th to early 20th century hotels, a warehouse and bank (1197797, 1246668, 1246951 and 1271127). The