A forgotten 'greater Ireland': The transatlantic development of Irish nationalism, 1848-1882 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Mulligan, Adrian Neil Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 03:43:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290356 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-S21-0600 NOTE TO USERS \ This reproduction is the best copy available. UMT A FORGOTTEN 'GREATER IRELAND*: THE TRANSATLANTIC DEVELOPMENT OF IRISH NATIONALISM, 1848-1882 by Adrian Neil Mulligan Copyright © Adrian Neil Mulligan 2001 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJORIN GEOGRAPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2001 UMI Number 3023477 Copyright 2001 by Mulligan, Adrian Neil All rights reserved. UMI' UMI Microform 3023477 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA « GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Adrian Nell Mulligan entitled A Forgotten 'Greater Ireland*; The Transatlantic Development of Irish Nationalism. 1848-1882 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Marston DsTte ' GBBtgS-H5HSIRIBrSSH- Date S/a/ Barbara norehouse Date Laura Tabill Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direc^on and reconaend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation reqt ion Director Sallle A. Marston Date ' 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertadon has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotatk>ns from this dissertation are aUowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotatbn fiiom or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright bolder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot thank Sallie Marston enough for her contmued guklance and friendship in the writing of this dissertation. In additran, I am forever grateful for the d^tion provided by the remainder of my committee; Ana Ak)nso, George Henderson, Barbara Morehouse and Laura TabilL A host of librarians at the New York Public Library, the Natranal Library of Ireland and at University College Coric also provkied me with assistance while researching, and I would like to thank them for their insight. In partkular, I am indebted to the National Archive of Ireland who granted me permission to reproduce a number of photographs held in their collection. I would also like to thank the Graduate College at the University of Arizona for provkling me with a feltowship which enabled me to devote a semester to writing. Finally, and most importantly, I wish to acknowledge my family and particularly my wife, Megan, for their love, support, and for keeping me sane during the last five years. A.N.M 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS UST OF ILLUSTRAnONS 8 ABSTRACT 9 1. INTRODUCTION 10 2. THEOREHCAL FRAMEWORK Introduction 24 A Primordialist Approach to Nationalism 24 A Modernist Approach to Nationalism 25 A Constructionist Approach to Natbnalism 27 An Ethnicist Approach to Nationalism 29 Nationalism -Directrans 30 Space, Scale and Nationalism 33 Tlie Social Production of Space 35 The Social Productk>n of S(»le 37 Borders and Boundaries 42 3. IRISH NAHONALISM, IRELAND AND IRISH AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, A UTERATURE REVIEW Introduction 49 The Significance of the Great Famine 51 The Irish in the United States 53 Irish Nationalism in the United States 54 Assimilatran and Exfle 57 Illuminating the Diversity of Irish America 58 Mobility, Labor, Race and Gender 64 Revising Ireland 70 4. IN THE SHADOW OF THE GREAT FAMINE: FENIANISM, FILIBUSTERING AND FOLLY Introduction 74 The Founding of a Transatlantk Brotherhood 77 The Funeral of Tenrence Bellew MacManus 83 The Irish People and the American Civil War 86 The Chicago Fenian Faff 94 The Transatlantic Development of Fenianism 98 The Raid on the /mA People 104 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued The Fenian Brotheriwod Splits 107 Best-Laid Plans Dashed 109 The Suspension of Ifobeas Corpus in Ireland 113 Fenianism Divided 118 The American Civil War Exported 122 The Rising of the Moon 126 Conclusion 130 5. A VOICE FROM THE TOMB: THE RESURRECTION OF IRISH NATIONAUSM Introduction 135 Fenianism on Trial and on the Run 136 Martyrdom in Manchester 139 Fenian Fever 144 The Amnesty Campaign 148 The Revival of Irish Nationalism in the United States.... 154 Clan na Gael and the Catalpa Expeditron 160 The Irish World and the Skirmishing Fund 166 Conclusion 178 6. THE 'NEW DEPARTURE' AND THE IRISH LAND WAR Introductwn 181 A Dalliance with Constitutionalism 182 Home Rule and the Rise of Pamell 186 Nfichael Davitt and the Land Questran 194 Clan na Gael's New Departure 202 The West Awake! 210 The Founding of the Land League 213 Pamell's American Tour 219 HoM the Harvest! 223 The Land War Intensifies 227 Tbslrish fFor/c/and the Land League 231 Pamell Changes Course 234 A 'Greater Ireland' United 236 A Treacherous End to the Af&ir 244 Conclusran 253 Postscript 255 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 7. CONCLUSIONS Introduction 258 Dimensions of Irish Nationalism 260 Conclusion 265 REFERENCES 268 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 4.1 Patrick 'Pagan' O'Leary 101 4.2 JohnDevoy 116 5.1 Patrick Lennon 143 5.2 The "Cuba Five" 154 5.3 An Older John Devoy 157 5.4 Irish fror/</-Advertisement 167 5.5 Irish World -Masthead 168 5.6 Irish World -Battle of Clontarf 170 5.7 Irish World-Exodas 174 5.8 Irish World -A Vision of Ireland's Future 179 6.1 John O'Connor Power 185 6.2 Charles Stuart Pamell 188 6.3 JJ. O'KeUy 191 6.4 Michael Davitt 194 6.5 Patrick Egan 230 6.6 Irish World -Land League Funding 233 6.7 United Ireland -Coming Back with a Vengeance 239 6.8 United Ireland -Pamell Incarcerated 243 6.9 United Ireland -Ladies Land League 247 9 ABSTRACT This dissertatk)!! e}q)lores the lelatranship between nationalism and globalization. Today, amidst increasing levels of global displacement and deterritorialization, nationalism not only remains the most important political force in the world, but is in &ct experiencing a resurgence. Unfortunately however, the theorizing of nationalism remains largely inc^ble of explaining why this should be so. I argue that the problem lies in the &ct that nationalism is both a historical and a geographical phenomenon, yet only the construction of natnnalist tenqsoral narratives has been problematized, whereas con^)arative analysis of nationalist spatial narratives remains scarce. This dissertation seeks to rectify this fiiiling by focussing on extra-territorial dimensions of nationalism, and in particular the transatlantic development of Irish natbnalism, 1848-1882. In this task, it draws on the Irish nationalist press and the personal correspondence of key political actors to illuminate the manner in which numerous narratives of Msh nationalism were forged out of a web of communication between the globally dispersed Irish diaspora. I argue that a number of creative extra­ territorial interventk>ns were made in the devetopment of Irish natronalism; mterventmns since marginalized in the dominant narrative of Irish nationalism. Through an analysis of the transatlantk devek>pment of Irish natranalism in the nineteenth century, this dissertation locates a number of these marginal sites to reveal the underlying hybridity of the historical nanative, thus openmg up the possibility for more spatially complex models of natk)nalist identity formatk)n. 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Like oil lamps we put them out the back- of our houses, of our minds. We had lights better than, newer than..