21st Century Catch Toolkit Practical approaches for sustainable inshore fishing communities For more information, visit www.gifsproject.eu The GIFS Project Team GIFS Community Stakeholders Tim Acott, Alizée Angelini, Suzy Armsden, Samer Ineke Bliek, Joy Collins, Roya Hesam, Jeannet, Bagaeen, Melanie Baker, Chris Bellamy, Kathy Miriam and Ali Jaffari, Paul Joy, Foort Lokers, Belpaeme, Vince Bevan, Peter Birkett, Sieme Phillip Ornsby, Yasmin Ornsby, Leen Schouls, Wim Bossier, Esther Brown, Niall Burnside, Sean Coates, Schuit, Klaas van de Ketterij, Kris van der Werve, Esther Copete Murillo, Kathy Crowther, Heidi Mark Woodley. Debergh, Andrew Church, Wendy Curran, Jack Dooms, Isabelle Durin, Caroline Edney, Jeremy With special thanks to the many individuals Evans, Alessandra Garcia Furtado, Lucy Hattersley, who were involved as part of the various GIFS Lucas Herry, Olivia Jamin, Nathalie Keersebilck, activities without whom the project would not have been possible. Kathrine Kemsley, Michaela Kennard, Fakhar Khalid, Raoul Kleppe, Bertrand le Gallic, Melody Corry and Herman Aalberts, Johan Aalberts, Jaap Leplat, Ann-Katrien Lescrauwaet, Marie Lesueur, Broodman, Jenny Carey-Wood, Robert Clark, Amanda Lewis, Joost Lievense, Suzanne Louail, Sander de Nooijer, Elise Dooms, Els Goudt, John Robert Love, Tiny Maenhout, Simon Mardle, Sil Humphreys, Annelies Joose, Albert Kramer, Mojca, Maslov, Mike McGibbon, Niek Meijer, Nelle Meyers, Michiel and Zala Kuipers, Lieven and Tonny Kusse, Myriam Nourry, Bernadette Oakenfull, Johanne Janneke Lindenbergh, Henk Marijs, Jan Marijs, Orchard-Webb, Frank Rallings, David Picault, Ruth Liesbeth Marteijn de Ridder, Andy Riches, Janny Pirlet, Yvonne Rijsbergen-Nieuwenhuize, Marleen Schroevers, Roy Stein, Jimmy Theune, Johanna Roelofs, Myriam Robert, Nicolas Roncin, Carole and Joy Schroevers, Peter Sijnke, Kikketv Sluis, Ropars, Amdeep Sanghera, Graham Sharp, Richie Aart van Belzen, Leo van Belzen, Neel van Belzen, Simon, Anna Temmerman, Julie Urquhart, Gerard Wannes van Belzen, Toos van Belzen-Tuithof, van Keken, Guirec Vannier, Bianca Veldman-Lukas, Gertrude van de Ketterij, Christiaan van der Zwan, Thomas Verleye, Danielle Vernes, Karen Ward, Erwin Veldman, Cora Werkhoven, Derrick West, Judith Watson, Martin Wilcox, Meredith Williams, Cynthia Westerweel, Anja Willems. Peter Wisse, Minghua Zhao. 21st Century Catch Toolkit Lead Authors Tim Acott and Julie Urquhart Contributing Authors Andrew Church, Michaela Kennard, Bertrand le Gallic, Melody Leplat, Ann-Katrien Lescrauwaet, Myriam Nourry, Johanne Orchard-Webb, Marleen Roelofs, Carole Ropars, Minghua Zhao Editors Julie Urquhart, Tim Acott and Frank Rallings Editorial Team Esther Brown, Bertrand le Gallic, Ann-Katrien Lescrauwaet, Suzanne Louail, Amdeep Sanghera Design Marketing Department, University of Greenwich Front cover image Vince Bevan Photography Tim Acott & Julie Urquhart unless stated otherwise Translation Erik Dupont Published by the University of Greenwich Suggested citation: Acott, T., Urquhart, J., Church, A., Kennard, M., le Gallic, B., Leplat, M., Lescrauwaet, A.-K., Nourry, M., Orchard-Webb, J., Roelofs, M., Ropars, C. and Zhao, M. (2014), 21st Century Catch, Toolkit prepared as part of the INTERREG 4a 2 Seas GIFS (Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability) project, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime. For more information, visit www.gifsproject.eu 1 Contents Toolkit List of abbreviations 4 Glossary of Terms 5 Introduction 7 About the Toolkit 9 Chapter 1: The Policy Context for Inshore Fisheries 15 What do we mean by inshore fisheries? 15 Fisheries policy 16 Chapter 2: Sustainability and Fishing Communities 21 Are inshore fisheries important? 22 Ecosystem services, Total Economic Value and GIFS 24 Chapter 3: Understanding the governance of inshore fisheries 29 Scoping formal mechanisms and structures of fisheries governance 30 A case study approach to explore inshore fisheries governance 32 Taking the results further 35 Case study: Coastal zone governance and inshore fishing in Nieuwpoort, Belgium 36 Chapter 4: Economic approaches for the valuation of inshore fishing 39 A regional comparison of the profitability of inshore fishing fleets 42 Estimating the indirect economic impacts of marine fishing 47 Assessing the economic contribution of fishing to tourism 51 Assessing the non-market benefits of inshore fishing 56 2 Contents Toolkit Chapter 5: The social and cultural values of inshore fishing communities 59 Deliberative and participatory methods to capture community shared values 63 Understanding the contribution of inshore fishing to residents’ and tourists’ sense of place 68 ‘Sensing Fishing Places’: Measuring residents’ attachments to place 69 Case study: Comparing the contribution of fishing to sense of place in England, France, Belgium and the Netherlands 73 Assessing the role of fishing for tourists’ sense of place 74 Case study: Tourism and shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke, Belgium 76 Exploring the cultural meanings of inshore fishing through photography 77 The ‘People, Place and Fish’ Photo Project 78 Exploring the cultural values of inshore fishing through photo elicitation 80 Case study: Exploring cultural values in Oostduinkerke, Belgium 82 Assessing women’s contribution to social cohesion in inshore fishing communities 83 Place branding and place making: Fishing heritage in Arnemuiden, Netherlands 88 Chapter 6: Knowledge production and knowledge exchange 99 The development and creation of educational materials for fisheries based and fisher-led whole community learning 101 A participatory approach to capture fishers’ local ecological knowledge 106 Inshore fishing activity past and present: a methodological approach 108 Chapter 7: The GIFS Project: Concluding Summary 113 For more information, visit www.gifsproject.eu 3 List of abbreviations Toolkit AEP Alternative Education Provision IFCA Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority BBC British Broadcasting Company IFREMER French Research Institute for Exploitation CDPMEM / Les Comités Départementaux et of the Sea CRPMEM Régionaux des Pêches Maritimes IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing CEFAS Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science IMD Index of Multiple Deprivation CES Cultural ecosystem services ITQ Individually transferrable quota CFP Common Fisheries Policy JRC Joint Research Centre CM Choice Modelling LEK Local Ecological Knowledge CPO Cooperative Producer Organisation MCA Multi-Criteria Analysis CPUE Catch per unit of effort MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment CV Contingent Valuation MMO Marine Management Organisation DGCIS Direction generale de la competitive de MPA Marine Protected Area l’industrie et des services MSP Marine Spatial Planning DMV Deliberative Monetary Valuation NEAFO National Ecosystem Assessment DPMA Directorate for Sea Fisheries and Follow-On Aquaculture NGO Non-governmental organisation EAFM Ecosystems Approach to PEI Photo Elicitation Interview Fisheries Management RNLI Royal National Lifeboat Institution EU European Union SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, FAO Food and Agricultural Organization opportunities, threats FIS Fisheries Information System TAC Total Allowable Catch FLAG Fisheries Local Action Group TCM Travel Cost Method FQA Fixed quota allocation TDM Tailored Design Method GIFS Geography of Inshore Fishing TEV Total Economic Value and Sustainability TSO The Stationery Office GVA Gross Value Added UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific GIS Geographic Information Systems and Cultural Organization GPS Global Positioning System VLIZ Flanders Marine Institute HFPS Hastings Fishermen’s Protection Society WTP Willingness to pay HP Hedonic Pricing ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICM Integrated Coastal Management ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management 4 Glossary of Terms Toolkit Active gear Pelagic The capture of fish is based on chasing the target species Species that live in the open water column. (e.g. trawls, dredges). Place making Blue growth A focus on the identity and distinctiveness of a place, A European strategy to support sustainable growth in the especially in the design of public spaces that aim to marine and maritime sectors. promote well-being and benefits to local people. Cultural ecosystem services Sense of place The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems The characteristics that make a place special or unique, through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, including the meanings and perceptions that individuals reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences. associate with a place or particular setting. Econometric analysis Qualitative research Using mathematical and statistical methods to analyse Used to gather an in-depth understanding of human economic data. behaviour and attitudes through methods such as Ecosystem services interviews, focus groups, ethnography etc. The benefits that humans receive from ecosystems, Quantitative research classified in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment as Research that uses numeric analyses through the provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services. application of mathematical models and statistics. Gross value added In social science methods include surveys and A productivity metric for the amount of goods and questionnaires. services produced in an area (or a specific industry), Quota less the costs of inputs and raw materials that relate to A catch share to regulate the amount of fish that can that production. be caught. Inshore fishing Social capital In GIFS, a definition