EVALUATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND COST OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SAVING SOLUTIONS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS OF CHINA Yang Xuan Master of Science Thesis Stockholm 2007 Yang Xuan EVALUATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND COST OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SAVING SOLUTIONS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS OF CHINA Supervisor and Examiner: Lennart Nilson, Industrial Ecology, KTH Master of Science Thesis STOCKHOLM 2007 PRESENTED AT INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TRITA-IM 2007:29 ISSN 1402-7615 Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology www.ima.kth.se Abstract This report reviewed Chinese building energy and related codes, directives and guidelines and compared them with Swedish ones. It also provides general information on residential buildings in China (area, height, layout, etc) and describes building envelope insulation status and market there (window, exterior walls and roof) and energy related characteristics (heating, heating fee system, cooling and ventilation). This report is targeted towards governmental organizations in Wuhai city in Inner Mongolia of China since this thesis is project (Sino-Swe project) based research and Wuhai city is the place where the project is being carried out. A one week trip to Wuhai city was done during the research time and information concerning aspects such as market, energy saving status and residents’ attitudes were collected through interviews, organized meetings and on-site investigation. Data collected from national level and Wuhai city are combined to support simulation of energy performance of a model building in Wuhai. Two tools are employed to calculate energy consumption. One is Dest, developed by Institute of Building Environment and Building Services, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and has been used in various prestige large structures such as State Grand Theatre. The second one is Standardized Method, proposed by Heating, ventilation and air conditioning design code. It is a traditional and simple energy calculation method and can be realized by Excel. Nowadays, instead of directly using it, its calculation concepts and steps are integrated into different commercial calculation softwares but in a more complex way. Different envelope types, heating methods, ventilation systems are evaluated and building energy consumption for heating and corresponding initial investment and operation cost are calculated. Then life cycle cost methodology is applied to compare different alternatives and those alternatives, according to their payback time, are located into different categories. From the calculation the following figure is obtained and suggestions are made. Heat recovery ventilator Heat pump Thermal valves Triple glazing Mineral wool insulation 100 EPS wall insulation, 150 EPS roof insulation, 5 year 10 year Payback time categories of products I Acknowledgements The end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an enjoyable experience for me. First of all I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mrs Anna Jarnehammar from Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), for allowing me to work with IVL in their special Sino-Swe project, guiding me through the project from the beginning until the end and helping me whenever I was in need. Many thanks are due to my supervisor Lennart Nilson from KTH for introducing me to IVL and providing me many advices on my thesis work. I am very grateful to the members of IVL for their support and suggestions on my thesis work, especially to Iverfeldt Åke, Kildsgaard Ivana, Huang Bokai, Erlandsson Martin, Lindfors Lars- Gunnar, Lundberg Hans. I also appreciate all the assistances and information provided to me by a number of Chinese contacts working in different sectors. Last but least, I acknowledge the financial support given to me by IVL for completion of this thesis. II III Terminologies Infiltration: the unintentional and uncontrolled flow of air into/out of a building through leaks in the building envelope caused by pressures induced by weather and ventilation equipment operation. Ventilation: intentional and, ideally, controlled flow air into/out of building via either mechanical or natural ventilation system. COP: the abbreviation of the coefficient of performance. The COP of a heat pump is the ratio of the output heat to the supplied work or COP=Q/W, where Q is the useful heat supplied by heat pump and W is the energy consumed by the heat pump. U value: thermal conductivity. It is defined as the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted in time t through a thickness L, in a direction normal to a surface of area A, due to a temperature difference T, under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. the calculation formula seen as below: R: The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance. R-values can be calculated from thermal conductivity, U, and the thickness of the material, t: R = t/U EPS insulation: expanded Polystyrene insulation XPS insulation: extruded polystyrene foam insulation yuan: Chinese currency unit. 100 SEK approximately equals to 108 yuan IV V Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................I Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................II Terminologies..................................................................................................................................... IV Table of Contents............................................................................................................................... VI 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Map ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Purpose and objectives........................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Scope and Limitations .......................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Frame of reference................................................................................................................ 2 2. Methodology..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Literature review.................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 On-site survey........................................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Calculation & Simulation ...................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Life cycle cost ............................................................................................................. 3 2.3.2 Energy calculation tools ............................................................................................ 5 2.3.2.1 DeST......................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.2.2 Standardized Method............................................................................................. 5 3 Regulations description: .................................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Overview................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Comparison between Thermal standards.......................................................................... 8 3.2.1 Indoor environment.................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Thermal insulation...................................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Heating, air-conditioning and ventilation............................................................... 10 4 Residential buildings in China ...................................................................................................... 11 4.1 General Description ............................................................................................................ 11 4.2 Insulation .............................................................................................................................. 12 4.2.1 Window...................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 Exterior walls ............................................................................................................ 13 4.2.3 Roof............................................................................................................................ 14 4.3 Energy related characteristics ........................................................................................... 15 4.3.1 Heating ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.3.2 Heating fee system .................................................................................................