SAARC Culture Volume 5, 2014 SAARC Cultural Centre Colombo General Editor G.L.W. Samarasinghe, Director, SAARC Cultural Centre Executive Editor Dr. Sanjay Garg, Deputy Director (Research), SAARC Cultural Centre Editorial Team Apsara Karunaratne, Research Assistant, SAARC Cultural Centre Nipunika O. Lecamwasam, Research Coordination Assistant, SAARC Cultural Centre Production Team Ishan Amaraweera, Computer Operations Officer, SAARC Cultural Centre Melani Malawaraarachchi, Computer Operations Assistant, SAARC Cultural Centre Printing: Vishwa Graphics, Pannipitiya SAARC Culture, Volume 5, 2014 © SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo 2014 All Rights Reserved. No material in this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher. ISSN: 2012-922x SAARC Culture is an annual research journal of the SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo. It seeks to provide a platform to the academics, practitioners, policy makers and other stakeholders of various dimensions of culture of the South Asian region (including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) to present their research findings and to debate on issues of mutual and common interests. Disclaimer: The views expressed and the information contained in the articles included in this journal is the sole responsibility of the author/s, and do not bear any liability on the SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo. Contents From the Editor‘s Desk 1 Part I Patterning Storytelling: Oral Traditions and History in Modern Animation Media in India Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai 3 Traditional Knowledge as Cultural Heritage in Sri Lanka: Post-colonial Interpretation Nirekha De Silva 22 A South Asian Community of African Descent: Continuing Linguistic and Musical Traditions Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya 46 Hellenistic Elements in the Depiction of Life Story of Buddha in Gandhara Art Vinay Kumar 74 Traditional Water Harvesting Structures and Community Participation in Western Rajasthan Kartikeya Misra and Neekee Chaturvedi 94 Sufi Ideas in South Asian Poetry: Rethinking the Spiritual and Sociological Nexus Keshab Sigdel 111 Part II Digital Preservation of Archival and Library Material Tahmina Akter 120 Creative Commons and the Future of Archives Daya Dissanayake 131 Digital Archives of Newspapers and Books of Sri Lanka Kavan Ratnatunga 146 Archives: Road to the Future C. Saroja Wettasinghe 162 Challenges Faced by Archivists and Record Managers in the Management of Electronic Records of Public Institutions K.D.G. Wimalaratne 173 Our Contributors 184 SAARC Culture: Guidelines for Contributors 189 The SAARC Cultural Centre 197 From the Editor’s Desk Often referred to as a ‗salad bowl‘ of cultures, South Asia is home to an array of diverse cultures, traditions, languages, religions and rituals, all of which at once contribute to vivid distinctions and an identity unique to the region. The peculiarities of diverse cultures are all connected by a common thread that is the glorious ancient history the region boasts of, dating back to 3000 BCE. SAARC Culture, the annual journal of the SAARC Cultural Centre, is one of many attempts of the Centre to explore the cultural heritage of the region and to celebrate the rich and thriving civilisation the region is heir to. The journal provides regional intellectuals a platform to debate and discuss issues of common interest pertaining to culture. The first two issues of the journal ran along themes of ‗Rituals, Ethics and Societal Stability in the SAARC Region‘ (Vol. 1: 2010), and ‗Diminishing Cultures in the SAARC Region‘ (Vol. 2: 2011). From the third issue onwards, SAARC Culture catering to an even wider readership has focused on various aspects and dimensions of South Asian culture. This volume, the fifth in the series, too, therefore, is non-thematic. The papers included in this volume are divided into two main categories. The first part includes papers covering a range of subjects related to traditional knowledge, literature, art, music, oral traditions and heritage of South Asia, while the second half consists of select papers presented at the SAARC International Conference on Development of Archives in South Asia: ‗The Future of Archives and Archives of the Future‘ held in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 3-5 December 2013 and strictly pertains to the field of archives. 2 A journal is, as is very well-known, the effort of many individuals, without whose tireless efforts and constant support and encouragement, would remain a mere concept. I would, therefore, like to thank all the contributors for sharing their ideas and opinions through the papers included in this journal. I earnestly hope that this volume of the journal too would be warmly welcomed by the readers like the previous ones. I also take this opportunity to invite other interested scholars to contribute papers to the future issues of this journal. G.L.W. Samarasinghe, General Editor, SAARC Culture and Director, SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo. Patterning Storytelling: Oral Traditions and History in Modern Animation Media in India Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai Abstract Modern animation media in India has come a long way, especially over the last decade to make its presence felt in the global sphere of childrens’ entertainment as well as education. As the process repeats, packages and delivers the age-old art of storytelling in myriad new formats, it also helps to highlight an important aspect of non-written history, oral traditions. Various print-publishing houses and audio-visual broadcasting networks are aiding in the process of weaving folk art and oral traditions to ‘tell a story for the young audiences.’ In the process, it helps to preserve and conserve an important part of intangible heritage. Though often criticised with allegations of distorting and altering patterns of history and cultural symbols, the reach and influence of animation media for children however, cannot be belittled in the modern global world of intra and inter- cultural interactions. An ode to the 100 years of Indian cinema, this paper is an attempt to understand the transformations and reflections of oral traditions and folk culture and their influences and survival in the modern age of animation media in India. The paper looks into popular audio-visual examples from television as well as New Media, including CDs, DVDs and the internet produced over the last five years in India. The paper explores the topic with the help of the theory of Three Worlds of Experiences of the author 4 Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai that attempts to explain the art of storytelling and communication in modern media for children. ―The king of good forces, Barong fights the evil forces of the queen of underworld, Rangda when she wreaks havoc on the city of Bali (Indonesia)‖ (Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali 2013) and thus, the storyline of a recent animation movie for children in India, kept the young audience enthralled for nearly two hours during the summer vacation of 2013. The above storyline speaks of an evil force which is also a child-devouring, queen of ghouls and witches, Rangda who brings down tragedy in the kingdom of Bali. A character from the animation movie, who is also a household name and an immensely popular animation ‗hero‘ for children in India- Chhota Bheem (Fig. 1), joins hands with the royal family of Bali and the good force of Barong to defeat the evil forces and bring back peace to the land. This animation movie - Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali (released on 03 May 2013)1 based on the popular animation television series, Chhota Bheem by Green Gold Animation, was inspired by a popular folktale from Bali, Indonesia. The film very cleverly wove a pattern of storytelling that utilised not only regional folktales, but also folk art (for instance the significant display of the popular shadow puppetry of Indonesia, Wayang Kulit). The trend in animation media in India has been fast changing, especially over the last ten years and so has the art of storytelling through it. It has come a long way to make its presence felt in the global sphere of childrens‘ entertainment as well as education. As the process repeats, packages and delivers the age-old art of storytelling in myriad new formats, it also helps to highlight an important aspect of non-written history, oral traditions. Thus, today, we have immensely popular SAARC Culture, Vol. 5: 2014 5 animation series made into television shows as well as feature films which effectively draws inspiration from not only various stories of mythology from the Indian palate, but from various other countries of the world as well. In the process, the art of storytelling, utilising oral traditions is remoulded and produced in a new format for a global audience. Figure 1: Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali- An Animation Show where the Name of the Lead Character is Inspired by the Character of Bheema from the Indian Epic, The Mahabharata. Image Courtesy: http://moviegalleri.net/2013/04/chhota-bheem-and-the-throne-of-bali- animation-movie-wallpapers.html?pid=460975 Despite severe criticism from conservative critics around the globe regarding shortcomings of the efforts of conservation and preservation of intangible cultural heritage, the public needs to take notice of the changing patterns of our socio-cultural texture as changes are omnipresent and efforts at tackling those would not be fruitful without public awareness. This paper is an attempt to understand the important changes that have taken place in modern animation media for children in India over the last decade that includes a significant change in the pattern of storytelling. The paper also looks into how the medium of 6 Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai animation, borrowing heavily from Indian mythology and oral traditions, has infused a new guise to the age-old art of storytelling. It further attempts to justify the use of folklore in modern animation media as a learning process for the young minds as is explained in the theory of ‗Three Worlds of Experiences‘ of the author in 2013.