BONES AND MARKINGS TO IDENTIFY I. APPENDICULAR SKELETON a. Pectoral Girdle Scapula superior border vertebral (medial) border axillary (lateral) border spine coracoid process acromion process glenoid fossa (cavity) supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa subscapular fossa Clavicle sternal end acromial end conoid tubercle b. upper extremities Humerus head anatomical neck surgical neck greater tubercle lesser tubercle intertubercular sulcus (groove) deltoid tuberosity Humerus (cont.) lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle coronoid fossa olecranon fossa radial fossa capitulum trochlea b. upper extremities (continued) Radius head body radial tuberosity ulnar notch styloid process of radius Ulna olecranon process trochlear notch radial notch coronoid process head styloid process of ulna Carpals proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpals (I – V) Phalanges (singular: phalanx) Pollex - thumb Proximal (I- V) Middle (II – V) Distal (I – V) c. Pelvic Girdle Pelvis (os coxa) (pleural: pleves (ossa coxae)) acetabulum obturator foramen ilium iliac crest anterior superior iliac spine anterior inferior iliac spine posterior superior iliac spine posterior inferior iliac spine greater sciatic notch arcuate line ischium ischial spine ischial ramus ischial tuberosity lesser sciatic notch pubis (pubic) symphyseal surface -- (see p189, Martini) superior ramus of pubis inferior ramus of pubis d. Lower Extremities Femur head neck greater trochanter lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest linea aspera gluteal tuberosity medial condyle lateral condyle Femur (cont.) medial epicondyle lateral epicondyle patellar articular surface intercondylar fossa d. Lower Extremities (continued) Patella apex base lateral border medial border Tibia medial condyle lateral condyle intercondylar eminence tibial tuberosity fibular articular surface medial malleolus Fibula head neck lateral malleolus Tarsals talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid first (medial) cuneiform second (intermediate) cuneiform third (lateral) cuneiform Metatarsals (I – V) Phalanges (singular: phalanx) Hallux – big toe Proximal (I- V) Middle (II – V) Distal (I – V) II. AXIAL SKELETON a. skull SINGLE BONES OF THE CRANIUM: Frontal frontal crest supraorbital foramen (notch) frontal sinus superciliary arch glabella Occipital occipital condyles foramen magnum hypoglossal foramen (canal) Ethmoid crista galli cribriform plate olfactory foramina perpendicular plate middle nasal concha superior nasal concha ethmoid sinus (*not available) Sphenoid greater wing lesser wing sella turcica foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum optic foramen (canal) Additional Cranial Markings superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissue sphenoid sinus foramen lacerum pterygoid processes jugular foramen a. skull (continued) PAIRED BONES OF THE CRANIUM: Temporal mastoid process styloid process zygomatic process petrous portion internal auditory meatus external auditory meatus carotid canal mandibular fossa Parietal note internal depressions formed from cerebral blood vessels SINGLE FACIAL BONES: Vomer Mandible ramus coronoid process mandibular condyle mental foramen mandibular foramen PAIRED FACIAL BONES: Maxilla infraorbital foramen maxillary sinuses Zygomatic temporal process Lacrimal lacrimal canal Palatine horizontal plate Nasal Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) Auditory Ossicles -- (see p481, Martini) malleus incus stapes Hyoid bone -- (see p154, Martini) lesser cornu(a) greater cornu(a) Sutures of the Skull -- (see p159, Martini) sagittal suture coronal suture squamous suture lambdoid suture Fontanels (Fetal Skull) -- (see p159, Martini) anterior (frontal) fontanel posterior (occipital) fontanel anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanel posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel metopic suture d. rib cage Sternum manubrium body xiphoid process jugular (sternal) notch clavicular notches costal notches d. rib cage (cont.) Ribs true ribs (vertebrosternal)): 1 – 7 false ribs (vertebrochondral): 8 – 12 floating ribs (vertebral): 11 – 12 head neck angle costal groove superior demifacets inferior demifacets costal tubercle articulating facet e. vertebral column: Be able to tell the difference between the three types of vertebrae, the superior and inferior surfaces, and the first two cervical vertebrae, the atlas and axis. Typical features of vertebrae vertebral body vertebral foramen vertebral arch pedicle lamina spinous process transverse process superior articular process and facet inferior articular process and facet superior notch inferior notch intervertebral foramen interverterbral disc e. vertebral column (cont.) Cervical Vertebrae (7) Identify typical features, see above transverse foramen Atlas: First Cervical Vertebra/C1 anterior tubercle posterior tubercle Axis: Second Cervical Vertebra/C2 dens e. vertebral column (cont.) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Identify typical features, see above costal articular facet (on transverse process for tubercles of ribs) superior demifacet (on body for heads of ribs) inferior demifacet (on body for heads of ribs) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Identify typical features, see above Sacrum (4-5, fused in adult) sacral cornua sacral promontory anterior sacral foramina posterior sacral foramina ala Coccyx (3-5, fused in adult) coccygeal cornua .