GERMAN SOCIALISM r AND FERDINAND ; \SSAU THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE GERMAN SOCIALISM. GERMAN SOCIALISM AND FERDINAND LASSALLE A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GERMAN SOCIALISTIC MOVEMENTS DURING THIS CENTURY BY WILLIAM HARBUTT DAWSON in Author of " " Germany and the Germans" Bismarck and State Socialism" " Social Switzerland," &t. LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO, LIM. NEW YORK : CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1899 FIRST EDITION ...... June, 1888 SECOND EDITION - March, 1891 THIRD EDITION (Revised and Enlarged) January, 1899 THIS VOLUME IS WHOSE LIFE, SHORT IN YEARS BUT LONG IN GOOD AND USEFUL WORKS, CAME TO AN UNEXPECTED CLOSE WHILE THE LAST PAGES WERE IN THE PRESS. CONTENTS., INTRODUCTION ... ... ... ... ... i CHAP. i. HISTORICAL BASIS OF THE GERMAN SOCIALIST MOVE- MENT ... ... ... ... ... 15 Development of the Socialistic Idea, 16; Influence of Philo- sophical, Political, and Economical Factors, 16 ; The French Political a Revolution, 16 ; Social and Condition of Germany Century Ago, 17 ; The Stein and Hardenberg Laws, 18; The Old of Absolutism Restored, 19 ; The July Revolution 1830, 20 ; in the Movements Germany, 20 ; The Federal Diet Fans Re- 21 21 volutionary Flame, ; A Policy of Repression Adopted, ; The Insurrections of 1848 and 1849, 22; The Berlin Revolution, in of the 25 ; Movements Baden, 30 ; Results Struggle, 32 ; of the Dissatisfaction Labouring Classes, 33 ; Weavers' Rising in of Years Dura- Silesia, 34 ; Wages Labour Forty Ago, 35 ; Life tion of Amongst Various Classes Compared, 36 ; Prince Bismarck on Socialism, 37. ii. EARLY SOCIALISTIC AND COMMUNISTIC THEORIES ... 39 of Socialism Fichte, 39 ; Johann Heinrich von Thiinen, 40 ; with the Relation of Sympathy Working Classes, 40 ; The to Life in Wages Produce, 41 ; Wilhelm Weitling, 42 ; and France, 43 ; Literary Activity, 43 ; Communistic Agitation in from Switzerland Imprisonment Switzerland, 44 ; Expulsion and Germany, 44 ; Weitling's Communistic Doctrines, 45 ; Karl Mario Travels in (Winkelblech), 48 ; His Youth, 48 ; to the Socialistic Norway, 49 ; Devotion Popular Cause, 49 ; vni Contents. CHAP. PAGE of 1 Theories, 50 ; The Oppression Labour by Capital, 5 ; The Question of Population, 52 ; Friedrich Engels, 52 ; His As- Travels in sociation with Karl Marx, 52 ; England, 53 ; Literary Work, 53 ; Views on Socia 1 Questions, 54 ; Ex- of propriation the Capitalists, 58 ; Karl Gru'n, 59. in. KARL RODBERTUS AND THE WAGES PRINCIPLE ... 61 Historical Position of Rodbertus, 61 ; His Political Life, 62 ; to in Withdrawal the Study, 63 ; Investigations Political His Economy, 64 ; Last Years, 64 ; Theories, 66 ; Labour the of be Principle Value, 67 ; How Wages may Increased, 69 ; of in the Rent and Profit, 69 ; The Share Wages Produce, 70 ; Progress and Poverty, 72 ; Commercial Crises and Pauperism, 73 ; Political Liberty Incompatible with Economic Servitude, 74 ; Danger of the Social Question, 75 ; Remedies Proposed, 76 ; The Normal Work-Day, 77 ; Development of the State, in 77 ; Property Income, 78 ; The Distribution of the Produce, of 79 ; Socialism the Ideal the Future, 86 ; Rodbertus and Karl Marx, 86. iv. KARL MARX AND SURPLUS-VALUE ... ... ... 91 Youth and Entrance into Public Life, 91 ; Editorial Work and in Troubles, 91 ; Residence Paris, 92 ; A Communistic Coterie, and Friedrich Ex- 92 ; Intercourse with Proudhon Engels, 93 ; in pulsion from France, 93 ; Communistic Agitation Belgium, 93; The Communist Manifesto, 94; the February Revolution, Manifesto Issued 94 ; Another Expulsion, 94 ; A from Paris, Editorial Difficulties and 94 ; Return to Germany, 95 ; Prose- ior Exile in cution Treason, 95 ; from Germany and Residence " London, 96 ; Das Kapital," 96 ; Character and Death, 98 ; of Value Doctrines of Marx, 99 ; Theory and Surplus-Value, 99; The Produce for the Producer, III ; Expropriation of the Ex- propriator, 112. v. FERDINAND LASSALLE ... ... ... ... 114 Parentage and Youth, 114; Precocity as a Child, 115; His Studies, 116; Visit to Paris, 116; Friendship with Heinrich Heine, 116; Literary Activity, 116; The Affairs of Countess Hatzfcldt, 117; A New Social Reformer, 117; Eight Years of Law, 119; Participation in Revolutionary Movements, 120; Contents. Ix CHAP. PAGE Imprisonment and Trial, 121; The Doctrine of Non-Resistance, First Writes a 122 ; Literary Production, 123 ; Tragedy, 124 ; Residence in Berlin, 125; A Lion of Society, 126; Declines a Duel and Thrashes his Opponent, 126 ; Further Literary Activ- Public Attitude ity, 127 ; Entrance into Life, 127 ; During the of the Conflict Time, 127 ; Theory Constitution, 128 ; Prosecu- tions, 129. vi. ORGANISATION OF THE WORKING CLASSES ... ... 133 Influence of the Constitutional Struggles of 1848-1850 and the Reaction, 133; The Arbeiterbildungsvereine, 133; Repression of Democratic Movements, 134; The Press Coerced, 134; Schulze- Delitzsch and the Co-operative Movement, 135 ; Rivalry of of Lassalle, 138; Organisation the Labour Party, 139 ; Lassalle becomes its Champion, 139 ; Formation of the Universal Ger- man Working Men's Association, 144. vii. THE PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATION ... ... ... 145 Lassalle's Agitation, 145 ; Negociations with Rodbertus, 145 ; Why Rodbertus Kept Aloof from the Movement, 146; Ambitious Designs, 147 ; The Bourgeoisie, 150; Literary Helpers, 151 ; Dis- couraging Results, 153 ; A Crusade on the Rhine, 155 ; Endeav- ours to Berlin Arrest for Win Over, 156 ; and Indictment High Treason, 156. vin. FAILURE OF LASSALLE'S AGITATION ... ... 158 and Further Agitation, 158 ; Mental Worry Physical Suffering, 158; The Working Classes not Ready, 159; Lassalle in the Law 160 162 Court, ; Acquittal and New Prosecutions, ; Triumphal on Progress the Rhine, 164 ; the Ronsdorf Meeting, 164 ; The King of Prussia and the Bishop of Mayence, 165 ; Relations with the Prussian Minister President, 167 ; Prince Bismarck's in Trial and Confession the Reichstag, 168 ; Conviction, 170 ; Disaffection in the Association, 171; Travels in Switzerland, 172; Two Lassalles, 172. ix. LASSALLE'S DEATH ... .. ... ... 174 Visit to the Rigi, 174 ; A Fatalistic Meeting, 174 ; Helene von Donniges, 174 ; Disappointed Love, 179 ; Lassalle's Duel and Death, 180 ; Burial at Breslau, 181 ; Effect of His Death in Germany, 181 ; Results of His Agitation, 183. x Contents. CHAP. PAGB x. CHARACTERISTICS OF LASSALLE, THE MAN AND THE AGITATOR ... ... ... ... ... 184 Lassalle's Combative Nature, 184 ; Early Republican Tenden- cies, 184 ; Strength and Weakness, 185 ; Extremes of Passion, 185; His "Daimonic Presence "and His Intellectual Powers, 1 86 ; Public and Private Morality, 187 ; The Exoteric and the Esoteric Lassalle, 187 ; Sincerity of His Democratic Sympathies, 188; His Ambition and Vanity, 189; His Power and Success as an Agitator, 191 ; Lassalle as an Orator, 191 ; Style is the Man, 194 ; a Law- Court Oration, 196 ; Lassalle's Historical Posi- tion, 198. XL LASSALLE'S SOCIALISM ... ... ... ... 199 Social Evolution, 199 ; Reform and Revolution, 200 ; Might and Right, 201 ; Economic Views, 202 ; The Servitude of the Labourer, 203 ; The Iron Law of Wages, 203 ; The Productive of the Association, 205 ; The Duty State, 205 ; Universal Suffrage, Mission of a 207 ; Lassalle's Socialistic State, 208 ; The Free Press, 209; Protest against Laissez-faire, 210; the Origin of Lassalle's Theories, 211; Influence upon Him of his Contempor- 211 211 Sociaux aries, ; Ricardo's Wages Law, ; Ateliers and of Nationaux, 212 ; Theory Acquired Rights, 214 ; Views on Inheritance and Succession, 217 ; Logical Deduction from the Same, 217. xii. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY ... ... 219 Later History of the Working Men's Association, 219 ; Bernhard of Becker, 219 ; Establishment the Social-Democrat, 220 ; Schweitzer's Presidency, 222 ; Growth of the Radical Elements, the International 223 ; Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, and Association, 224 ; The Chemnitz Democratic Programme, 224 ; The Eisenach Congress and Programme, 226 } The Social- Democratic Working Men's Party, 226 ; The Effect of the the of French War upon Socialist Movement, 229 ; Fusion the German Socialist Parties, 231 ; Programme of the New Federa- tion, 231. xiii. THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ... ... ... 234 Early Attempts to form an International Labour Party, 234; the Communist Manifesto, 235 ; Fonr.atkn of the International Contents. xi CHAP PAGB in of Karl Working Men's Association London, 238 ; Rivalry Marx and Mazzini, 238 ; Marx becomes President, 238 ; The What is the Proleta- Geneva Congress and Social Reform, 240 ; of Lausanne and the riat ? 240 ; Congress Property Question, 240; The Brussels Congress and the Nationalisation of the Land, Bakunin and the International Social-Democratic 241 ; Michael Influence of the French Alliance, 241 ; The Basel Congress, 242 ; at the Marx Revolu- War, 242 ; Congress Hague, 243 ; proclaims Geneva and the tion, 243 ; The Congress Jura Federation, 244 ; A Rival International, 245 ; Congress at Ghent, 245 ; Later History of the International, 246. xiv. THE ERA OF REPRESSION ... ... ... ... 247 The Government Tries Coercion, 247 ; Why Prince Bismarck in the Turned Against the Socialists, 247 ; Socialism Reichstag, at the International Failure 248 ; How to Get Association, 248 ; to Secure International Action, 249 ; The German Press Laws on the William's Sharpened, 249 ; Hodel's Attempt Emperor of the First Coercion Life, 249 ; Rejection Bill, 250 ; Nobiling's of Prince Attempt, 250 ; A Measure Repression Adopted, 254 ; of the Bismarck's Views on Socialism, 254 ; Provisions Socialist of the Abuse of Free Law, 255 ; Reorganisation