Animal Science Publications Animal Science 9-1999 Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada Jacqueline M. Pisenti University of California, Davis Mary E. Delany University of California, Davis Robert L. Taylor Jr. University of New Hampshire Ursula K. Abbott University of California, Davis Hans Abplanalp University of California, Davis See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Genetics Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ans_pubs/716. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Animal Science Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada Abstract Genetic diversity, in both wild and domestic species, is a limited resource worth preserving for future generations (Oldfield 1984; Alderson 1990; AF O 1992; NRC 1993; Bixby et al. 1994). While many strong advocates promote the conservation of wild species, fewer are aware of the increasing loss of biodiversity in our major food species, particularly among domestic birds. Fortunately, breed conservation organizations have already made some progress in encouraging hobbyists and small-scale farmers in their role as conservators of unique and historically important breeds (Bixby et al. 1994), particularly the less common chicken and turkey breeds (Crawford and Christman 1992). These two species are considered more at-risk than most other livestock species (e.g., cow, pig, sheep, goat, or horse) due to recent and extraordinarily rapid expansion of the commercial poultry industry. Disciplines Agriculture | Animal Sciences | Genetics | Poultry or Avian Science Comments This report is published as Pisenti, Jacqueline M., Mary E. Delany, Robert L. Taylor Jr., Ursula K. Abbott, Hans Abplanalp, James A. Arthur, Murray R. Bakst, Colin Baxter-Jones, James J. Bitgood, Francine A. Bradley, Kimberly M. Cheng, Rodney R. Dietert, Jerry B. Dodgson, Ann M. Donoghue, Alan B. Emsley, Robert J. Etches, Richard R. Frahm, Roger J. Gerrits, Paul F. Goetinck, Allan A. Grunder, David E. Harry, Susan J. Lamont, Gail R. Martin, Patrick E. McGuire, Gary P. Moberg, Louis J. Pierro, Calvin O. Qualset, Muquarrab A. Qureshi, Fred T. Shultz, and Barry W. Wilson. Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Davis, CA. Report No. 20 (1999). Authors Jacqueline M. Pisenti, Mary E. Delany, Robert L. Taylor Jr., Ursula K. Abbott, Hans Abplanalp, James A. Arthur, Murray R. Bakst, Colin Baxter-Jones, James J. Bitgood, Francine A. Bradley, Kimberly M. Cheng, Rodney R. Dietert, Jerry B. Dodgson, Ann M. Donoghue, Alan B. Emsley, Robert J. Etches, Richard R. Frahm, Roger J. Gerrits, Paul F. Goetinck, Allan A. Grunder, David E. Harry, Susan J. Lamont, Gail R. Martin, Patrick E. McGuire, Gary P. Moberg, Louis J. Pierro, Calvin O. Qualset, Muquarrab A. Qureshi, Fred T. Shultz, and Barry W. Wilson This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs/716 Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada Clockwise from above: • White Leghorn rooster from UCD 003, a highly inbred stock that serves as genetic background to a number of congenic chicken stocks. • Red Jungle Fowl rooster from UCD 001, a highly inbred stock derived from the wild chicken progenitor species. • Hybrid rooster from cross between Red Jungle Fowl (UCD 001) and White Leghorn (UCD 003). Offspring from the cross of this rooster and a White Leghorn hen were used as a reference population in developing the chicken genome map. (Photographs courtesy of J. Clark, University of California–Davis.) Front cover: Chicken, turkey, and quail eggs. (Photograph courtesy of J.M. Pisenti, University of California–Davis) Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada Authors J.M. Pisenti, M.E. Delany, R.L. Taylor, Jr., U.K. Abbott, H. Abplanalp, J.A. Arthur, M.R. Bakst, C. Baxter-Jones, J.J. Bitgood, F.A. Bradley, K.M. Cheng, R.R. Dietert, J.B. Dodgson, A.M. Donoghue, A.B. Emsley, R.J. Etches, R.R. Frahm, R.J. Gerrits, P.F. Goetinck, A.A. Grunder, D.E. Harry, S.J. Lamont, G.R. Martin, P.E. McGuire, G.P. Moberg, L.J. Pierro, C.O. Qualset, M.A. Qureshi, F.T. Shultz, and B.W. Wilson Sponsored by the University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program US Dept. of Agriculture US National Science Foundation Dept. of Animal Science, University of California–Davis Report No. 20 K September 1999 Genetic Resources Conservation Program Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of California Davis, California USA This report is one of a series published by the University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program (technical editor: P.E. McGuire) as part of the public information function of the Program. The Program sponsors projects in the collection, inventory, maintenance, preservation, and utilization of genetic resources important for the State of California as well as research and education in conservation biology. Further information about the Program may be obtained from: Genetic Resources Conservation Program University of California One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 USA Tel: (530) 754-8501 FAX: (530) 754-8505 email: [email protected] http://www.grcp.ucdavis.edu CITATION: J.M. Pisenti, M.E. Delany, R.L. Taylor, Jr., U.K. Abbott, H. Abplanalp, J.A. Arthur, M.R. Bakst, C. Baxter-Jones, J.J. Bitgood, F.A. Bradley, K.M. Cheng, R.R. Dietert, J.B. Dodgson, A.M. Donoghue, A.B. Emsley, R.J. Etches, R.R. Frahm, R.J. Gerrits, P.F. Goetinck, A.A. Grunder, D.E. Harry, S.J. Lamont, G.R. Martin, P.E. McGuire, G.P. Moberg, L.J. Pierro, C.O. Qualset, M.A. Qureshi, F.T. Shultz, and B.W. Wilson. 1999. Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada. Report No. 20. 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Table of Contents Preface ................................................ vii Chapter 5: Genetic stocks: Current resources and recent losses..... 31 Executive Summary .............................. ix Survey method Avian Genetic Resources Task Force Results from the survey Members............................................ xvii Lost stocks Charge to the Task Force .................. xviii Trends in poultry genetics stock development and conservation Chapter 1: Introduction ......................... 1 Chapter 6: An Avian Genetic Resources Chapter 2: Avian genetic diversity: System: Proposal ................................. 39 Domesticated species ............................ 5 Task Force recommendation Target species Rationale Types of genetic stocks Components of an Avian Genetic Research genetic stocks Resources System (AVGRS) Commercial stocks Facilities and organizational aspects Fancy breeds and mid-level of AVGRS production stocks Financing the AVGRS Chapter 3: Avian genetic resources References........................................... 47 for biological research ......................... 15 Avian reproductive biology Appendix 1: Instructions and survey Embryology form sent to researchers ...................... 55 Models for human genetic diseases Appendix 2: Genetic stock Immunogenetics collection data..................................... 57 Cytogenetics Description of stock categories Genomics Notes on specific fields Developmental genetics Disclaimer Chapter 4: Conserving avian genetic resources ............................................. 25 Methods of conservation of genetic stocks Live animals Semen cryopreservation Blastodisc cryopreservation Primordial germ cell cryopreservation iii List of boxes 1. Commercial value of the poultry 12. Small renaissance of old-style industry ............................................