CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SURVEY Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal CONTENTS CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SURVEY.......................................................... 9-1 9.1 Review and Status of Existing EIA Report.............................................................. 9-1 9.1.1 EIA Related National Policies and Legislative Framework ....................... 9-1 9.1.2 Review of Existing EIA Study ................................................................... 9-2 9.2 Supplemental EIA by the JICA Study Team............................................................ 9-10 9.2.1 Supplemental EIA Survey .......................................................................... 9-10 9.2.2 Application of GIS ..................................................................................... 9-15 9.3 Natural Environment Impact Assessment................................................................ 9-18 9.3.1 Physical Environment Impacts................................................................... 9-18 9.3.2 Biological Environment Impacts................................................................ 9-39 9.3.3 Impacts in the Downstream of the Dam..................................................... 9-54 9.4 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environmental Impact Assessment ......................... 9-55 9.4.1 Objectives................................................................................................... 9-55 9.4.2 Methodology .............................................................................................. 9-55 9.4.3 Identification of the Project Affected Areas ............................................... 9-59 9.4.4 Socio-Economic and Cultural Situation ..................................................... 9-61 9.4.5 Key Socio-Economic and Cultural Effects................................................. 9-66 9.4.6 The Framework of Resettlement Plan ........................................................ 9-79 9.4.7 Preparation of Social Action Plan .............................................................. 9-82 9.5 Stakeholder Meeting................................................................................................ 9-86 9.5.1 Overview of Stakeholder Meetings............................................................ 9-86 9.5.2 First Stakeholder Meeting during Scoping Phase....................................... 9-87 9.5.3 Second Stakeholder Meeting...................................................................... 9-91 9.5.4 Third Stakeholder Meeting......................................................................... 9-95 9.6 IEE for Transmission Line – Damauli to Bharatpur................................................ 9-98 9.6.1 Objective .................................................................................................... 9-98 9.6.2 Project Line Route and Affected Areas ...................................................... 9-98 9.6.3 Alignment Alternatives............................................................................... 9-99 9.6.4 Physical Environment................................................................................. 9-105 9.6.5 Biological Environment ............................................................................. 9-105 9.6.6 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ............................................... 9-106 9.6.7 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation...................................................... 9-110 9.6.8 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Program ........ 9-111 9.6.9 Findings and Conclusion............................................................................ 9-111 9.7 Environmental Management Framework for the Project ........................................ 9-112 9.7.1 Overall EMP Summary .............................................................................. 9-112 Final Report - i - Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal 9.7.2 Stakeholders under the Environmental Management Plan......................... 9-122 9.7.3 Project’s Environmental Management Office ............................................ 9-123 9.7.4 Administrative and Management Cost for ESMU ..................................... 9-124 9.7.5 Environmental Monitoring Program .......................................................... 9-124 9.7.6 Records and Corrective Actions................................................................. 9-131 9.7.7 Environmental Audit .................................................................................. 9-131 Final Report - ii - Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal LIST OF TABLES Table 9.2.2-1 Outline of GIS Database.................................................................................... 9-17 Table 9.2.2-2 List of Printed Maps .......................................................................................... 9-18 Table 9.3.1-1 Land Use Reservoir Area................................................................................... 9-18 Table 9.3.1-2 Land Use Project Facility Sites.......................................................................... 9-19 Table 9.3.1-3 Water Quality Analysis Report of Main Parameters.......................................... 9-20 Table 9.3.1-4 Comparison with Drinking Water Quality Standards ........................................ 9-20 Table 9.3.1-5 Water Sources Impacted by the Project ............................................................. 9-21 Table 9.3.1-6 Comparison of Unregulated and Regulated Flows in the Seti & Madi River.................................................................................... 9-30 Table 9.3.1-7 Comparison of the Measures for the Eutrophication in the Reservoir............... 9-33 Table 9.3.1-8 Proposed Bio-engineering Measures for Soil Erosion Control.......................... 9-34 Table 9.3.1-9 Mitigation Cost for Physical Environment/Construction Phase ........................ 9-37 Table 9.3.1-10 Mitigation Costs for the Downstream Effects to Communities......................... 9-38 Table 9.3.1-11 Mitigation Costs for Watershed Management ................................................... 9-39 Table 9.3.1-12 Monitoring Costs for the Physical Environment ............................................... 9-39 Table 9.3.2-1 Forest Types in the Reservoir Area under Various FSL..................................... 9-40 Table 9.3.2-2 Forest Types in the Project Facility Sites........................................................... 9-41 Table 9.3.2-3 Plants of Project Sites under Different Conservation Categories ...................... 9-43 Table 9.3.2-4 Forest Area Affected at FSL 415 m in the Reservoir Area ................................ 9-44 Table 9.3.2-5 Forest Area by Management Types in the Project Facility Sites ....................... 9-44 Table 9.3.2-6 Mammals of the Project Area ............................................................................ 9-44 Table 9.3.2-7 Fish Species Composition.................................................................................. 9-47 Table 9.3.2-8 Migratory Life History of the Long Distance Migrant Fishes of the Project Area ............................................................................................. 9-48 Table 9.3.2-9 Economic Value of the Fish Species of the Project Area................................... 9-48 Table 9.3.2-10 Estimate of Forestry Loss due to Reservoir at FSL 415 m and Associated Compensation ........................................................................... 9-52 Table 9.3.2-11 Mitigation Costs for Fisheries ........................................................................... 9-54 Table 9.3.2-12 Monitoring Costs - Construction & Operation Phases ...................................... 9-54 Table 9.4.2-1 Sample of Household Survey ............................................................................ 9-58 Table 9.4.2-2 Ethnic/Caste Division ........................................................................................ 9-58 Table 9.4.2-3 Focus Group Discussion.................................................................................... 9-59 Table 9.4.3-1 VDCs/Municipality Affected by the Project Components................................. 9-60 Table 9.4.4-1 Summary of Socio-Economic Situation in Tanahu District............................... 9-62 Table 9.4.4-2 Summary of the Socio-Economic Situation in the Affected VDCs/Municipality ........................................................................................... 9-63 Final Report - iii - Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table 9.4.4-3 Summary of the Socio-Economic Situation of Affected Persons/Households (N=399) ............................................................................ 9-65 Table 9.4.4-4 Summary of Community Resources and Properties.......................................... 9-66 Table 9.4.5-1 Cultivated Areas in the Reservoir Site as per GIS and Cadastral Maps ............ 9-67 Table 9.4.5-2 Cultivated Areas in the Reservoir Site as per GIS and Cadastral Maps ............ 9-67 Table 9.4.5-3 Annual Production Loss of the Agricultural Land............................................. 9-68 Table 9.4.5-4 Forest Area by Management Types in the Project Area..................................... 9-68 Table 9.4.5-5 Number of Land Plots Affected