(This page Blank in the original) ii Bedford Institute. ii Biennial Review 1969/70 Bedford Institute Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Ocean Science Reviews 1969/70 A Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory Marine Sciences Branch Department of Energy, Mines and Resources’ B Marine Ecology Laboratory Fisheries Research Board of Canada C *As of June 11, 1971, Department of Environment (see forward), iii (This page Blank in the original) iv Foreword This Biennial Review continues our established practice of issuing a single document to report upon the work of the Bedford Institute as a whole. A new feature introduced in this edition is a section containing four essays: The HUDSON 70 Expedition by C.R. Mann Earth Sciences Studies in Arctic Marine Waters, 1970 by B.R. Pelletier Analysis of Marine Ecosystems by K.H. Mann Operation Oil by C.S. Mason and Wm. L. Ford They serve as an overview of the focal interests of the past two years in contrast to the body of the Review, which is basically a series of individual progress reports. The search for petroleum on the continental shelves of Eastern Canada and Arctic intensified considerably with several drilling rigs and many geophysical exploration teams in the field. To provide a regional depository for the mandatory core samples required from all drilling, the first stage of a core storage and archival laboratory was completed in 1970. This new addition to the Institute is operated by the Resource Administration Division of the Department of Energy, Mines & Resources. In a related move the Geological Survey of Canada undertook to establish at the Institute a new team whose primary function will be the stratigraphic mapping of the continental shelf. The initial staffing of these two units totals 16 persons. The current awareness of the need to protect our environment by combating pollution has generated a need for more research into the quality of the environment. Although this need arose at a time of general financial stringency, the Fisheries Research Board, by readjust- ment of priorities and reallocation of resources, was able to approve a new environmental quality program for the Marine Ecology Labora- tory. This has involved an increase of 16 in the permanent staff, a complex of 10 new large laboratory trailers, and a doubling of the facilities at the Institute for holding fish and other marine organisms in temperature controlled running water. These new Marine Ecology Laboratory facilities also house a small component of 9 scientists from the Resource Development Branch of the Department of Fisheries and Forestry, who are associated with the pollution studies. v The Institute was host to several thousand visitors - scientific, business, government and general public. It was our privilege to welcome many distinguished visitors including: The Honourable J.J. Greene, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources who officiated at both the departure and return home of CSS HUDSON on her expedition around the Americas; Mr. Adolph W. Schmidt, Ambassador of the United States of America; His Excellency Boris Miroshnichenko, Ambassador of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Monsieur R. C. Chauvin, Director, Centre Océanolgie de Bretagne, Brest; Rear Admiral G.S. Ritchie, Hydrographer of the Royal Navy; Dr. G. Grasshof, Institute für Meerskunde, Kiel; Dr. Erhhi Polosuv, Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki; Dr. Allan Be, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, New York; Dr. Bostwick H. Ketchum, Associate Director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Dr. C.C. Bates, Chief Scientist, United States Coast Guard; Dr. Panteleev, Chief Scientist and party on the occasion of the visit to Halifax of the RV AKADEMIK VERNADSKY, March 1970; members of two committees of the House of Commons, the Standing Committee on External Affairs and National Defence, October, 1969 and the Parliamentary Committee on National Re- sources and Public Works, April, 1970. Organizationally the Institute is a loose grouping of laboratories having, as their common focus, scientific research and surveys in the marine environment and sharing such common use facilities as buildings, ships, computers, and scientific information and library services. It has engendered a healthy degree of cooperation and coordination. We anticipate that new opportunities to further strengthen this concept of an inter-agency marine research community will arise out of the creation of a Department of the Environment, legislation for which was under consideration in the House of Commons at the end of 1970. The proposed legislation became law in due course and was promulgat- ed June 11, 1971. The new Department is a consolidation of a number of elements of the federal service concerned with the management of the air, water, fish, wildlife, and forest resources of the nation. Among the numerous changes brought about by the reorganization is the transfer of the Marine Sciences Branch, and hence the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory from the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources to the new Department. However, the Marine Geology and Geophysics sections of Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory were re- tained in Energy, Mines and Resources but as part of the Institute. The new designation for AOL is: Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory Marine Sciences Branch Water Management Service Department of the Environment. vi While the Fisheries Research Board is included in the new Department, its identity as a Board is retained; hence no new designation of the Marine Ecology Laboratory is required. Since the Review deals with a period that precedes the formal establishment of the new Department, the organizational affiliations then in being are used throughout the text. Wm. L. Ford, Director, L.M. Dickie, Director, Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Marine Ecology Laboratory, Marine Sciences Branch, Fisheries Research Board Department of Energy, Mines and of Canada Resources vii (This page Blank in the original) viii Table of Contents Part A - Ocean Science Reviews 1969-1970 ..........1 The HUDSON 70 Expedition .......................... .3 Earth Sciences Studies in Arctic Marine Waters, 1970. .......... 11 Analysis of Marine Ecosystems ........................ .25 Operation Oil ................................... .37 Part B - Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory Marine Sciences Branch Department of Energy, Mines and Resources ...... .45 Director’s Remarks ................................ .47 Chemical Oceanography ............................ .51 Environmental Chemistry - Pollution Studies ............ .52 Trace Element and Nuclear Chemistry Research ........... .55 HUDSON 70 and Gulf of St. Lawrence Chemical Oceanographic Cruises ..................... .57 Physical Chemistry .............................. .59 Instrument Development for the Measurement of Chemical Parameters ........................... .61 Chemical Services ............................... .62 Coastal Oceanography .............................. .63 The Gulf of St. Lawrence .......................... .64 Scotian Shelf and Nova Scotian Inlets ................. .68 Numerical Analysis and Data Processing ................ .72 Short Studies .................................. .73 Support Activities .............................. .74 Oceanographic Services for Defence ................... .74 Marine Geology .................................. .77 Physical Geology ............................... .80 Regional Geology ............................... .84 Geochemistry Group ............................. .86 Micropaleontology Group ......................... .88 Special Instrumentation and Experimentation ............ .93 Marine Geophysics ................................ 101 Seismology .................................. 103 Mid-Atlantic Ridge Survey ......................... 105 Magnetic Measurements ........................... 108 Hydrographic - Geophysical Operations ................ 111 HUDSON 70 ................................ .. 114 Geophysical Work in the Eastern Arctic ................ 118 Information Storage and Retrieval .................... 120 Metrology ...................................... 121 Applications of Underwater Sound ................... 122 ix Radio-Controlled Launch ........................ 123 Oceanographic Sensors for Data Logging .............. 124 Rock Core Drills ............................. 126 Mooring Studies .............................. 127 Wind Stress Measurements ....................... 128 Studies of Water Waves ......................... 130 Support Facilities ............................. 131 Ocean Circulation ............................... 135 North Atlantic ............................... 135 South Atlantic and Antarctic ..................... 139 Theoretical Studies ............................ 140 Instrumentation .............................. 143 Hydrography .................................. 147 Hydrographic Charting ......................... 148 hydrographic Development ...................... 155 Navigation Group ............................. 157 Drafting and Illustrations ........................ 158 Photographic Unit ............................ 158 Scientific Services and Special Projects ................. 161 Frozen Sea Research ........................... 161 Scientific Information Services and Library ............ 162 Computing Services ........................... 163 Engineering Services ............................. 165 Marine Electronics ............................ 166 Systems Engineering ........................... 171 Depot Workshops ............................. 178