A HANDBOOK FOR BUILDING HOMES OF EARTH Peace Corps INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE REPRINT R-34 September 1981 INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE Peace Corps' Information Collection & Exchange (ICE) was established so that the strategies and technologies developed by Peace Corps Volunteers, their co-workers, and their counterparts could be made available to the wide range of development organization and individual workers who might find them useful. Training guides, curricula, lesson plans, project reports, manuals and other Peace Corps-generated materials developed in the field are collected and reviewed. Some are reprinted "as is"; others provide a source of field based information for the production of manuals or for research in particular program areas. Materials that you submit to the Information Collection & Exchange thus become part of the Peace Corps' larger contribution to development. Information about ICE publications and services is available through: The Peace Corps Internet Web Site address: http://www.peacecorps.gov Please note the new Peace Corps Mailing Address from July 1998 on is: ICE/ Peace Corps 1111 20th Street N.W. Washington, DC 20526 USA Add yours to the ICE Resource Center. Send materials that you have prepared so that we can share them with others working in the development field. Your technical insights serve as the basis for the generation of ICE manuals, reprints and resource packets, and also ensure that ICE is providing the most updated, innovative problem-solving techniques and information available to you and your fellow development workers. This report was prepared for the Agency for International Development DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS WASHINGTON, D. C. 20410 Page 1 of 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Chapter 1: Introduction - Types of earth houses Chapter 2: Soils - And what can be done with them Chapter 3: Stabilization of soils Chapter 4: Where to build Chapter 5: Foundations Chapter 6: Lightweight roofs Chapter 7: Preparing the soil Chapter 8: Making adobe blocks Chapter 9: Making pressed earth blocks Chapter 10: Making walls with earth blocks Chapter 11: Making rammed earth walls Chapter12: Roofs for earth houses Chapter 13: Floors Chapter 14: Surface coatings Suggested references Appendix Appendix A - Atterberg Limits of Soils Appendix B - Useful Formulas Foreword This report was prepared for the Agency for International Development by Lyle A. Wolfskill, Wayne A. Dunlop and Bob M. Callaway of the Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. Technical supervision was provided by this office. This reprint is being made to provide copies to meet many demands. This handbook has proved to be one of the most helpful and most popular publications in the field of aided self-help housing. Deputy for Technology and Information Office of International Affairs Department of Housing & Urban Development Page 2 of 112 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Probably one of the first homes man lived in after he came out of a cave was made of earth. To be sure, the earliest known kinds of earth construction were very crude by our standards today. Primitive man did little more than stick mud on poles woven closely together. But even with this, he found shelter that was better than anything else he had except his cave. He also had the advantage of being able to move around. He could live wherever he wanted to. Gradually, he learned that some kinds of mud made better houses than others. And some of the best ones lasted his whole lifetime. Today, there are plenty of earth dwellings in many parts of the world that are centuries old. Man discovered that the earth homes that have lasted best were in areas where not much rain falls. A wet climate is the worst enemy of an earth house. Today, with the advances made in the science of soil mechanics, what soils will do under many different conditions can be predicted and controlled. It is possible, even with little skill, today to build beautiful, inexpensive and durable homes using the oldest construction material known, the earth around us. Strangely enough, it is the scientific road builders who have learned most about the way many kinds of soil will behave under a wide variety of conditions. These scientists know, for example, how to take soils that for centuries were considered useless for anything and, by combining them with materials called stabilizers, make them into mixtures that are excellent for earth construction. As in most important discoveries, this new knowledge, much of it learned since World War II, was found by work done in laboratories by highly trained technical men. It now remains to make these new techniques available to the people who need them most and can use them to their advantage: the many people in the world who need good, lasting homes and who cannot afford to spend a lot of money to buy them, or who do not have access to modern manufactured materials. Earth is everywhere. One of the great aims of the Agency for International Development is to help fulfill this need. Under its Self- Help Program, which the AID feels gives the most help while allowing those aided to keep their dignity and pride, comes this manual as one of AID’s many technical services. This small book tries to take the newest techniques developed in modern soil mechanics and put them into simple terms so that almost anyone, anywhere, can have the benefit of the great amount of work that has been done by the scientists. The AID authorized and paid for a research project by the Texas A&M Research Foundation, at College Station, Texas, to: 1. gather and study all available information on building homes with earth; 2. do new research in areas where not enough was known about what can be done with earth, and 3. bring this information together and present it in a form most useful for most people. Information came from many countries and from all kinds of sources. These included books, articles, technical reports and even newspapers. More than 300 such sources were studied. In addition, soil engineers at Texas A&M University worked in their own laboratories and made tests of the materials they had and added the knowledge they developed themselves. Page 3 of 112 This manual tries to present its information in the simplest way possible. Because many things vary greatly even in one country, it is impossible to say all things to one person and have all that information apply to the place he lives. The many kinds of climate that exist all over the world, plus the much greater number of kinds of soils that are found, make the problem of explaining just how to build a house difficult. For example, in the State of Texas alone, what would be best to do in the eastern part would not be at all the same in the western part of the state. What would be fine in parts of the Rio Grande Valley and the Texas Gulf Coast in the south part would not be best in the Panhandle in the north. So, this manual describes broadly the kinds of soil that are found in various parts of the world and tells what can be expected of them. It then tells what is best to do with each of them, alone or in combination with others, to make them good enough to use or make them better with the use of stabilizers. And then it explains which of the three general kinds of earth construction is best for use with the kinds of soil available. It also describes simple tests anyone can perform that tell the builder how well he is succeeding in what he is trying to do. After chapters on picking out places to build, how to make a good foundation for any kind of house and how to build a roof, the manual has separate chapters on adobe, rammed earth and pressed block construction. Because conditions and available materials change so much in different places, the builder often will want to use his own good judgment. It is therefore important, in order to get the best value out of this manual, that he read at least the early chapters carefully before deciding how best to solve his own problem. As in any craft, the good workman has "the feel" of his job before he tries to go too far with it. This manual, it is hoped, will give him that "feel." Types of Earth Houses There are three main types of earth houses that the builder can select: 1. Adobe. 2. Rammed earth. 3. Pressed (or machine-made) blocks. Two other methods chat can be used are "cob" and "wattle and daub," but usually these do not make the best houses. ADOBE BLOCKS - Walls made from adobe blocks are probably the most popular and one of the oldest forms of earth housing. Adobe blocks are made by placing a wet mud in boxes called "forms." The forms are removed a short time after the blocks are made and the adobe blocks are allowed to dry (or cure) for about a month before they are used to build a wall. The blocks are held together in the wall with a "mortar" which can be the same mud used for making the blocks. The main advantage adobe has over the other methods is that it is the simplest method, and a satisfactory dwelling can be built with the least amount of construction skill. Do it right, and you can have strong walls that are relatively free from cracks. You can also make all of the blocks in your spare time and store them until you are ready to use them.