DOT HS-803 714 ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1918: A Review of the State of Knowledge Ralph K. Jones Kent B. Joscelyn The University _of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute Huron Parkway & Baxter Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48109 Contract No. DOT HS- 5-01217 Contract Amt. $168,826 JANUARY 1978 FINAL REPORT Document is available to the U.S. public through The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 Prepared For U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington, D.C. 20590 This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern­ ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. ,t T.claaicd Report Doclnt6mteti'on Pap 1. Retort me. 2. GMer.nseet Accession Me. J. Recipient's CoWev No. DOT-HS-803 714 4. Title .na SeNitla S. Report Dare January 1978 ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1978 : A REVIEW OF 6. Performing Organization Cob THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE S. Performing Organization Report Ne. 7. A.therts) Ralph K. Jones and Kent B. Joscelyn UM-HSRI-78-5 9. Psrf twine OrWinotion Noun wd A"ess 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Highway Safety Research Institute A The University of Michigan 11. Contract or Grant Me. Huron Parkway & Baxter Road DOT-HS-5-01217 Ann Arbor, MI 48109 17. Type of R.Vert and period Cse.rd 12. Stw.serine Agency N. and A"ress Y Final Report U.S. Department of Transportation Sept. 75-Dec. 77 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 400 Seventh Street, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency CoJ. Washington, D.C. 20590 IS. Su plementary Notes 1'6. Alto i t This report presents the results of a comprehensive review and analysis of the problem of alcohol and highway crashes in the United States. Both the nature of the alcohol-crash problem and societal responses to that problem are treated. Epidemiologic studies, experimental studies, and countermeasure programs are examined in the review. The short-term future of the alcohol-crash problem is projected and conclusions and recommendations relative to future research and action programs are developed. Other reports produced under the contract include: Alcohol and Highway Safety 1978: A Review of the State of Knowledge (Summary Volume) and Drugs and Driving: Information Needs and Research Requirements. A w" 17. Key Weras In. Di,M rtion Statement Alcohol, Alcohol and Highway Safety, Alcohol-Related This document is available to the U.S. public through the Crashes, Alcohol-Safety Countermeasures, Drinking National Technical Information Service, Springfield. VA . Drivers, Epidemiologic Studies, Behavioral Studies 22161 It. Severity 0681W I. (of this r"srt 20. Seowity Closeif. (of 446 Veen) 21. Me. of Pages 22, Pnia Unclassified Unclassified Reptdamvaw.1 c. 1atad PM0 modes *d i METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS Approximate Conversions to Metric Measures Approximate Conversions from Metric Measures Symbol Whom Yea Know Multiply by To Fied ,libel ,veld When Yea Rom Multiply by I. Fied Symbol LENGTH LENGTH mm millimeters 0.04 inch,, cm centinmters 0.4 inches le m meters 3.3 le.l h M inch.. • 2.5 esntuneters cm meters 1.1 yards * N h kN 30 centtmelers cm km kilmuters 0.6 miles mi rd yards 0.9 meters m ee mile. 1.6 kilm4Mers km AREA AREA 0 Cn.2 square centheeters 0.16 square inches in2 102 square inches 6.5 square eenttneters cn2 m2 square meters 1.2 square yards yd2 h2 § WAN /set 0.09 equal* meters m2 lm2 square kilometers 0.4 square miles mil yd2 stun.. yards 0.6 square meters m2 ha hectares 110.000 m2) 2.5 seeps mil square mtl.s 2.6 square kelgmeters km2 acres 0.4 hectares ha MASwei^l MASS (we^itl a grams 0.035 Ounces m at assets. 20 grams 0 * kg kilograms 2.2 pounds A lb pounds 0.65 kilgpame kg tarn... 11000 kgl 1.1 sheet tans .hart tans 0.9 In uwes 1 12000 lbl * VOLUME VOLUME * * fl Isp I.aspoons 5 millilstars m1 ml mi l li liters 0.03 uid ounces 11 es pills Tbsp tablespoons 15 mdl0etars ml liters 2.1 M * 11 m fluid minces 30 milliliters ml liters 1.06 War" of c cups 0.24 lit.. hitars 0.26 !allows gal * p1 pints 0.47 Inters m3 cubic meters 35 cubic feet h3 of quarts 0.95 blots m3 cube., meters 1.3 cubic yards yd3 gal 9nt(mns 3.0 1.Ims I It3 cubic lest 0.03 cuh,c m.ol.ns m3 N - N yd3 cubic yards 0.76 cubic "tors m3 * TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) Celsius 9!s (then Fahenim it •F tentperatue add 321 temperature .. °F Fahrenheit 5.9 (aft Celsius C tempeeetuee subtracting I .mture eF 321 * .F 32 9e.6 212 -40 0 ' 40 e0 ) 120 160 200 TT1.1 B F^TT- TTt 1 ^L 0 1 10 F-"7 40 60 e0 100 tl..d, u1 ne.4ht....rl tku.,...., r..... '.11 , .1,15.,1 N,.. 1 t • Ju ; N., -40 -20 0 20 E u .C 31 n)j ,P, rtD 0 * ACKNOWLEDGMENT The analysis of the highway safety problem caused by alcohol-impaired drivers is a complex task requiring knowledge and experience in many disciplines. The principal investigators in this project are fortunate to have been assisted by individuals possess­ ing such backgrounds. Particular recognition must be given to our distinguished panel of advisors who re­ viewed this report and provided many helpful suggestions and material for improving it. These reviewers were: • Robert F. Borkenstein, Indiana University; • Gerald J. Driessen, National Safety Council; • Kurt M. Dubowski, University of Oklahoma; • William Haddon, Jr., Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; • Herbert Moskowitz, California State University, Los Angeles; • Robert H. Reeder, Northwestern University Traffic Institute; • Reginald G. Smart, Addiction Research Foundation; and • Vincent L. Tofany, National Safety Council. Early in the project we contacted some 450 practitioners and researchers in alcohol safety and related fields to identify relevant issues and literature. It is impossible to list here all of those who responded, but we are grateful for their help and hope that our report will prove useful to them. Thanks are also extended to our colleagues at The University of Michigan who served as internal reviewers: Alan C. Donelson, Lyle D. Filkins, Ann C. Grimm, Robert L. Hess, William T. Pollock, and Melvin L. Selzer. Other HSRI personnel also made important contributions. This report was edited by James E. Haney. Joyce V. Cassells was associated with the project as a research assistant. Her inputs to the sections on public information and education are particu­ larly appreciated. Olga S. Burn supervised the production of the report. Arlene Chmi­ elewski prepared the citations, bibliography, and index. Linda Throne and Susan Korn­ field assisted in the collection of reference materials and the organization of the report for production. Jacqueline B. Royal, Patricia Whichello, and Anne L. VanDerworp typed the manuscript. Kathleen Jackson prepared all of the illustrations. Natalie Lena­ ghan read proofs. iii ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1978 The history of this project is interesting and unusual. The proposal was written and the contract awarded while the principal investigators, Kent B. Joscelyn, Ralph K. Jones, and Roger P. Maickel, were at Indiana University. Subsequently, each left Indiana University. Mr. Joscelyn joined the Highway Safety Research Institute of The University of Michigan. Mr. Jones formed his own company, Mid-America Research Institute, Inc. Dr. Maickel became Head of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxi­ cology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University. The principal investigators continued to work together on this report and other work products of the study. Mr. Jones had principal responsibility for this report. Mr. Joscelyn assumed similar responsibility for other aspects of the project dealing with drugs and driving. Dr. W Maickel served as a consultant principally in the drug area. The movement of the principal investigators required the transfer of the contract from Indiana University to The University of Michigan. This transition was accomplished because of the willingness of a number of individuals to devote additional effort to the identification of the proper procedures to accomplish the transfer. We thank the follow­ ing individuals who were most helpful in the transition: • Floyd W. Bird and Theodore E. Anderson of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; • Harrison Shull and John T. Hatchett of Indiana University; and • Lee D. Beatty and William E. McCormick of The University of Michigan. The contributions of Theodore E. Anderson, the NHTSA Contract Technical Man­ ager for the study, must be further noted. Mr. Anderson actively participated in the development of this report as a critical and sensitive reviewer. His comments were extensive, perceptive, and helpful. He scrupulously avoided influencing the indepen­ dent judgment of the authors. His remarks were those of a colleague participating in a research effort. This interaction was beneficial, consistent with the highest traditions of research, and most appreciated by the authors. Many other comments were received from other members of the NHTSA staff that were useful and contributed to the development of this report. The comments of Robert B. Voas, who served as the principal contact with NHTSA's Traffic Safety Programs, were especially useful. We thank all who assisted. iv F_ I CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope and Approach 3 1.3 Blood Alcohol Concentration and Driving While Intoxicated 5 2.0 THE ALCOHOL-CRASH PROBLEM 7 2.1 Methodology Used in Estimating the Alcohol-Crash Problem 7 2.2 Findings from Epidemiologic Studies of Motor Vehicle Crashes and Drinking Behavior 11 2.2.1 Crash Involvement of Drinking Drivers