Research Paper Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | MedicalJanuary 2014 • ScienceISSN No 2277 - 8179 Determination of Sex through Hip Bone KEYWORDS : Greater sciatic notch, Hip bone, Sexual dimorphism, Vernier (greater sciatic notch) in Haryana Region caliper. Dr. Apoorva Tripathi Department of Anatomy, Gold Field Institute of Medical Science and Research Ballabgarh, Faridabad -121004 Haryana Dr. Supriti Bhatnagar Department of Anatomy, Gold Field Institute of Medical Science and Research Ballabgarh, Faridabad -121004 Haryana Dr. Anuj Kumar Department of Anatomy, Gold Field Institute of Medical Science and Research Deshwal Ballabgarh, Faridabad -121004 Haryana ABSTRACT The distinctive morphology of human skeleton and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interests from anatomical, forensic, obstetrical, radiological and anthropological point of view. 100 known sex normal dry human hip bones obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Gold Field Institute of Medical Science and Research Faridabad Haryana were studied in the year of 2013. The posterior segment of Greater Sciatic Notch, Genoves’ sciatic notch index and posterior angle are found to be significant by t test (P < 0.001). The posterior angle of greater sciatic notch was found to be highly significant for determination of sex of hip bone. INTRODUCTION but no attempt has been made to measure its various angles. - ico-legal and anthropological importance. Hip bone is an ideal MATERIAL AND METHODS The identification of sex from skeletal remains is of great med- The material for the present study consist of 100 dry human eral differences between the two sexes but also the special ad- aptationbone for sexof female determination hip bone because for child it notbearing. only reflectsThe anatomical the gen free from any pathological or congenital defect. These bones obtainedhip bone offrom known the sex.Department All these ofbones Anatomy, were fullyGold ossifiedField Insti and- and easily damaged. Os coxae with sciatic notches well enough tute of Medical Science and Research Faridabad Haryana. The land marks that do exist (such as the ischial spine) are fragile measurement were done on intact parts of the normal bone. bones. In such cases, the presence of more reliable pubic sex Bones showing wear and tear, fracture or any pathology were preserved to be measurable are thus likely to have intact pubic- liance on the visual assesment of sciatic notch morphology has millimeter. theindicators disadvantage makes resortingof introducing to the asciatic subjective notch elementunnecessary. into Resex not considered. Each linear recording was taken to the nearest determination. Measurement were taken by using:- The greater sciatic notch is especially valuable in such situations because it is highly sexually dimorphic, is resistant to damage, (a) Vernier caliper (b) Measuring scale the present investigation on sex determination, in addition to (c) Protactor depth,and thus width can andoften various be scored indices, in poorly the total preserved and posterior skeletons. angles In - 1, Jovanovic & Zivanovic, 19652, Singh S & Potturi B R,of 1978the greater3 sciatic notch were utilized as parameters ( Bru andzek, integrate2002 this subjective assessment of sciatic notch mor- phology ).into Most their osteologists sex determinations. visually evaluate Although these many differences attempts have been made to describe sex differences in the sciatic notch 4, Letterman, 19415, Byers S.N 20056 techniquesusing measurements have not been(Schulter widely et adopted.al, 1983 One reason for this , Singh & Potturi, 1978), these metrical sexing notch region. As a result, measurements that can be made con- Vernier caliper sistentlyis the lack often of easily fail tolocated adequately anatomical describe landmarks the sex in differences the sciatic the greater sciatic notch :- various metrical parameters and indices for sexing of hip bone, The present study is undertaken in the following parameters of Jovanovicin sciatic notch& Zivanovic, shape. Davivong,In the past, Singh many S &workers Potturi have B R evolved . These Maximal width: the distance between the tubercle of piriformis authors who have studied this bone by osteometric method have paid attention either to features relating to its total size or to those of various components such as its inferior border, muscle and tip of the ischial spine(AB). the symphyseal surface, the acetabulum, the obturator foramen and arcuate line. Greater sciatic notch in sex determination by Shamer Singh & Butachi Raju Potturi in 1977 show that the total Theangle present was found study to establishesbe significantly the higherimpact inof female. the ‘sex factor’ on - vanovic, Zivanovic & Lotric 19687 the morphometry of the greater sciatic notch of hip bone (Jo determination since it was not affected) pointed even out in thatpathologically the upper deformedpart of the conditions greater sciatic of the notchhip bones. was aThe reliable shape marker of the greater in sex 8 sciatic notch has also attracted attention (Davivongs, 1963 ), IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 339 Research Paper Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 & movable point of vernier caliper is placed on upper margin of ischialThe fix spine point of of hip vernier bone caliper and read is placedthe value. on piriformis tubercle Standard Deviation(s) = RESULT We measured 100 hip bone. The data was tabulated and statisti- (2) Maximal depth: perpendicular to the width (OC). - tion of various diameter of the sciatic notch. cal analysis was done to take out the mean and standard devia MEAN AND S.D. CALCULATION:- VARIABLE SEX SIDE NUMBER MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION P-VALUE LEFT 30 45.20 3.60 MALE RIGHT 19 44.30 3.20 0.001 LEFT 36 47.40 4.38 FEMALE (1)BREADTH RIGHT 15 48.27 5.16 (AB)M.M. LEFT 30 6.38 1.75 MALE Placed the scale between the piriformis tubercle and tip of is- RIGHT 19 6.06 1.63 chial spine and end of movable bar is placed on deepest point 0.001 M.M LEFT 36 15.57 3.40 of sciatic notch and rest part of bar placed perpendicular to the (2)POSTERIOR FEMALE scale. SEGMENT(OB) RIGHT 15 16.39 3.45 LEFT 30 25.62 3.50 MALE (3)Posterior segment of width:(OB) RIGHT 19 25.93 3.80 0.001 LEFT 36 24.97 3.23 FEMALE (3) RIGHT 15 25.86 4.40 DEPTH(OC.M. LEFT 30 64.48 12.17 MALE RIGHT 19 65.12 8.24 0.001 LEFT 36 53.03 7.28 FEMALE (4)INDEX-I RIGHT 15 53.69 8.90 LEFT 30 15.00 4.23 MALE RIGHT 19 14.61 3.41 0.001 LEFT 36 32.81 5.93 FEMALE (5)INDEX-II RIGHT 15 33.70 6.76 LEFT 30 66.15 6.54 MALE RIGHT 19 65.31 7.53 0.001 ANGLE,<ACB LEFT 36 83.35 7.59 FEMALE (6)TOTAL RIGHT 15 82.76 8.41 LEFT 30 13.34 3.23 MALE RIGHT 19 12.78 3.09 - 0.001 ANGLE,<BCO LEFT 36 31.88 5.51 FEMALE (Interrupted curve shows greater sciatic notch of male and con (7)POSTERIOR RIGHT 15 32.42 5.49 Thetinuous bar curvewhich shows determines greater the sciatic depth notch of sciaticin female) notch that bar also divides the width of sciatic notch into anterior and poste- DISCUSSION In present study shows that the greater sciatic notch was found bar and tip of ischial spine in the width of sciatic notch. rior part. The posterior part (OB) is the distance between the the side of the bone. Similar observations have been made earli- to be significantly wider in females than in males, irrespective9, Thomson of 189910, Derry 192311 (4) Index I: Depth(OC)x100/width(AB) er ( Singh and potturi 1978, Verneau R, Bassin L1875 (5) andIndex depth II; Posterior OC from segment(OB)x100/width(AB) the above measurements<ACB denoted , Letterman 1941, Davivongs 1963). Male- (6) theTotal total angle; angle. After construction on paper of the triangle ABC notches were found to be deeper, though not significantly so, foundwhich thatalso supportsfemale sciatic the earlier notches findings were deeperof Verneau as well (1875), as wider Der inry Australian(1923) and origins. Letterman This deviation(1941). However, can be regarded Davivongs as a(1963) racial Subjective(7) Posterior variation angle; BCOwas avoided by measuring each parameter 12 three times by the investigator and mean of the reading ob- and depth of the greater sciatic notch are widely believed to be tained was recorded. ofcharacteristic great value (Krogmanin sex determination, W M, Iscan Mthe Y present1986 ). metricalThough widthstudy has shown that they are in fact of little value. Index I, which de- Statistical Analysis:- pends on depth and width of the greater sciatic notch, was ac- General descriptive statistic for the for greater sciatic notch cordingly not much help in the sexing of hip bones. It was found measurement were carried out by using mean, standard devia- to be higher in males. The length of the posterior segment, Index tion. The formula used for their calculation is as follows: II and the posterior angle was found to be very useful in sex de- termination significantly lower (P < 0.001) in males. The mean Mean= ∑X / n timeslength higher of the inposterior females. segment, The posterior and Index angle IIof (which the greater depends sci- on both widths and length of the posterior segment) was 2-2.5 Where, n=total∑X=sum no of of total observations observations, found to be the most useful parameter for sex determination. atic notch, a new measurement not used by earlier workers, was 340 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Research Paper Its mean values for females were more than 2-5 times those of Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 - males, and showed minimal overlap in their ranges, resulting eral differences between the two sexes but also the special ad- aptationbone for ofsex female determination hip bone becausefor child itbearing.