UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Review of Maritime Transport 2019: unctad.org/rmt Email: [email protected] For further information on UNCTAD work on trade logistics, please visit unctad.org/ttl To read more and to subscribe to the UNCTAD Transport Newsletter, EMBARGO please visit The contents of this report must not be quoted or summarized unctad.org/transportnews in the print, broadcast, electronic or social media before 30 October 2019, 1700 GMT REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2019 ISBN 978-92-1-112958-8 Printed at United Nations, Geneva 1917380 (E) – October 2019 – 2,409 UNCTAD/RMT/2019 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2019 Geneva, 2019 United Nations UNCTAD/RMT/2019/Corr.1 United Nations Conference Sales No. E.19.II.D.20 on Trade and Development 31 January 2020 English only Review of Maritime Transport 2019 Corrigendum 1. Page x, paragraph 3 For 3.5 per cent read 3.4 per cent 2. Page x, paragraph 7, last sentence For East Asia read South-East Asia 3. Page xi, paragraph 7 The first sentence should read In 2018, most of the tonnage sold for demolition were oil tankers to Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Turkey. 4. Page 5 Replace figure 1.1 with the figure below GE.20-01478(E) UNCTAD/RMT/2019/Corr.1 2 UNCTAD/RMT/2019/Corr.1 5. Page 19, paragraph 1 The last sentence should read This is especially relevant to South-East Asian countries such as Viet Nam that are more integrated into the supply chains of trade between China and the United States (United Nations, 2019b). 6. Page 28 For the existing page substitute 3 UNCTAD/RMT/2019/Corr.1 7. Page 29, first sentence For 95,402 read 96,295 8. Page 29, paragraph 3 The first sentence should read Gas carriers were the most dynamic segment of the world fleet, experiencing the highest growth rate in the 12 months to 1 January 2019 (7.25 per cent) (figure 2.2). 9. Page 52, paragraph 3 The first sentence should read In December 2018, pan-Japanese liner group ONE and PSA International launched a joint venture to operate four berths at Pasir Panjang Terminal, Singapore. 4 ii © 2019, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Centre at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications 300 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 United States of America Email: [email protected] Website: un.org/publications The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD/RMT/2019 ISBN 978-92-1-112958-8 eISBN 978-92-1-004302-1 ISSN 0566-7682 eISSN 2225-3459 Sales No. E.19.II.D.20 REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2019 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Review of Maritime Transport 2019 was prepared by UNCTAD under the overall guidance of Shamika N. Sirimanne, Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD, and under the coordination of Jan Hoffmann, Chief of the Trade Logistics Branch. Administrative support and formatting were provided by Wendy Juan. Regina Asariotis, Mark Assaf, Gonzalo Ayala, Hassiba Benamara, Dominique Chantrel, Jan Hoffmann, Anila Premti, Luisa Rodríguez and Frida Youssef were contributing authors. The publication was edited by the Intergovernmental Support Service of UNCTAD. Magali Studer designed the cover and prepared the layout. Comments and input provided by the following reviewers are gratefully acknowledged: Hashim Abbas, Niklas Bengtsson, Johannah Christensen, Trevor Crowe, Neil Davidson, Mahin Faghfouri, Beatriz García, Frederik Haag, Max Johns, Mikael Lind, John Mangan, Carlos Daniel Martner Peyrelongue, James Milne, Yasmina Rauber, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Satya Sahoo, Ruvarashe Samkange, Antonella Teodoro and Richard Watts. Comments received from other UNCTAD divisions as part of the internal peer review process, as well as comments from the Office of the Secretary-General, are also acknowledged with appreciation. Thanks are also due to Vladislav Shuvalov for reviewing the publication in full. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. iii Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Note .................................................................................................................................................................... viii Executive summary ..............................................................................................................................................x 1. International maritime trade and port traffic ...........................................................1 A. Trends in maritime trade flows .........................................................................................................3 B. Container port-cargo handling .....................................................................................................14 C. Outlook and policy considerations ...............................................................................................17 2. Maritime transport services and infrastructure supply ........................................27 A. World fleet ....................................................................................................................................29 B. Shipbuilding, new orders and demolition .......................................................................................30 C. Ship ownership and registration ....................................................................................................36 D. Container shipping .......................................................................................................................41 E. Port services and infrastructure supply .........................................................................................48 F. Outlook and policy considerations ................................................................................................52 3. Performance indicators ..........................................................................................57 A. Maritime transport performance measurement ..............................................................................59 B. Liner shipping connectivity ............................................................................................................60 C. Port turnaround times ...................................................................................................................65 D. Shipping fleet: Environmental indicators ........................................................................................70 E. Train for Trade Port Management Programme: Lessons learned ...................................................74 4. Legal issues and regulatory developments ...........................................................81 A. Technological developments and emerging issues in the maritime industry ...................................83 B. Regulatory developments relating to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and other environmental issues ....................................86 C. Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation ..................................................98 D. Status of conventions .................................................................................................................103 E. Summary, outlook and related policy considerations ...................................................................104 REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2019 v Tables 1.1 World economic growth, 2017–2019 ......................................................................................................3 1.2 Growth in volume of merchandise trade, 2016–2018 ..............................................................................4 1.3 Development in international maritime trade, selected years ....................................................................5 1.4 International maritime trade, 2017–2018 ..................................................................................................7 1.5 Tanker trade, 2017–2018.........................................................................................................................9 1.6 Major producers and consumers of oil and natural gas, 2018 ................................................................10 1.7 Dry bulk trade, 2017–2018 ...................................................................................................................10 1.8 Major dry bulks and steel: Producers, users, exporters and importers, 2018 ..............................................11 1.9 Containerized trade on major East–West trade routes, 2014–2018 ........................................................13 1.10 Containerized trade on mainlane East–West routes and other