ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION FROM ANCIENT CULTURAL MYTH KADHIM FATHEL KHALIL UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2013 ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION FROM ANCIENT CULTURAL MYTH by KADHIM FATHEL KHALIL Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Endings do not mean anything to me because I am really interested in beginnings. So, I find that existence is the most difficult term I have ever dealt with, in spite of my fondness and interest in philosophy which I began my journey with which since the early stages of my life. When I woke up to find myself fully attached with the passion in philosophy beginning from Socrates until Jacques Derrida. The interest and infatuation drew me to the interest in cultural products, while thinking of the moment of the beginning. Initially, I would like to express my gratitude, appreciations, thanks, and respect to my fabulous supervisor and the godfather of this study: Professor Dr. Julaihi bin Wahid whose expertise, understanding, and patience, considerably help my postgraduate experience. I appreciate his vast knowledge and skill in many philosophical and architectural areas. I must also acknowledge all the Malaysian Scientific Institutions that granted me the chance to continue my study here and also would like to thank all the Iraqi Scientific Institutions in general and the Scientific Institutions of Kurdistan specifically that sponsored my study. Very special thanks goes to my fabulous supervisor’s precious family, and appreciations to my father, mother, my brother Adnan and all family members especially for all the support they gave me during the period of my study. I would like to grant my heartiest appreciation and thanks to the asset who lived this with me for every single moment, my wife, the architect-Sulin and her precious family. So as my beautiful flower who bloomed in Malaysia and gave me the feeling of hope and optimism, my daughter - Zara. I also acknowledge The Iraqi Archaeologists and Architects Group , Telar consultative architectural and engineering TCAE Group, Much thanks to all who helped me with this endeavor in Malaysia, Iraq, and Kurdistan, especially Mr. Omar Ismail, also Director General of Scholarships Dr. Govand H. Sherwani, Dr. Maha Hasan, Dr. Zurida Hamid, Dr. Nawzad Sadik, Dr. Ammar Waysi, the architect-Nazik Rashid, Normah Ismail, and Mr. Kovan Amedi. Kadhim Fathel Khalil Penang, May 2013 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………….…………………….…………ii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………..………...………iii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………..x List of Diagrams……………………………………………………………………………………………………..xiii Abstrak……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..xiv Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..…..xv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Table of Contents 1.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..…………………………..…1 1.0.1. The Importance of the Study…………………………………......…………………………..5 1.0.2. The First Central Question of the Study …………………………………….…………7 1.1. The Cultural Environment - Cultural Heritage In Architecture………….…..…9 1.1.1. The History………………………………………………………………………….…………..…..11 1.1.2. The Crises of History……………………………………………………………….…….……13 1.1.3. The Power of History…………………………………………………………….……….……16 1.1.4. History and the Theory of Architecture……………………………….…….…..……17 1.1.5. A New Vision…………………………...…………………………………………………………20 1.2. Systems of Studying the History of Architecture………………….…………………..…22 1.2.1. The Descriptive Study of the Historical Architecture………………...….……22 1.2.1.a. Fletcher’s Study……………………………………………………………..……..22 1.2.1.b. Jordan’s Study………………………………………………………………………23 1.2.1.c. Giedion’s Study……………………………………………………………….……23 1.2.2. The Analytical Study of the Historical Architecture………………………...…24 1.2.2.a. Frankl’s Study………………………………………………………………………24 1.2.2.b. Kimball’s Study……………………………………………………………………25 1.2.2.c. Huyghe’s Study……………………………………………………………….……26 1.2.3. Vision in Depth……………...………………………………………………………………….…28 1.3. Systems of Studying the History of Mesopotamian Architecture: Literatures Review…………………………………………………………………29 1.3.1. Archaeological Studies……………………………………………………………….……..…29 1.3.1.a. Georges Perrot’s Study…………………………………………………………30 1.3.1.b. Anton Moortgat’s Study………………………………………………….……30 1.3.1.c. Andre Parrot’s Studies…………………………………………………….……31 1.3.1.d. Seton Howard Frederick Lloyd’s Studies……………………….……32 1.3.1.e. Donald John Wiseman’s Study……………………………………….……33 1.3.1.f. Robert McCormick Adams’s Study……………………………..………34 1.3.1.g. Eva Strommenger’s Study……………………………………………………35 iii 1.3.2. Descriptive Studies………………………………………………………………………...……36 1.3.2.a. Henri Frankfort’s Study………………………………………………………..36 1.3.2.b. Alexander Badawy’s Study…………………………………………..………37 1.3.2.c. Amer Sulaiman’s Study ……………………………………………………….38 1.3.2.d. Sherif Yousf’s Study………………………………………………………..…...38 1.3.2.e. Jean Bottero’s Study……………………………………………………………..39 1.3.2.f. Waad Radhi Al Nei'aimi’s Study…………………………………….……40 1.3.2.g. Jinan Kadhim’s Study…………………………………………………….….…40 1.3.3. Critical Vision …………………………….……………………………………………….….…..42 1.3.4. The Problem of the Study………………………………………………….…...……………45 1.3.5. The Objective of the Study……………………………………………….……...…….……45 1.3.6. The Structure of the Study………………………………………………….……...……..…47 CHAPTER TWO ROOT OF TYPE Table of Contents 2.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..……………...…………48 2.1. The Link Between the Mental Expressions and the Architectural Expressions Across Theory of Architecture……………………….…………….…….……49 2.1.1. The Theory of Architecture and Style…………………………....……........…………49 2.1.2. The Theory of Architecture and Type……………………………......…...…..….……53 2.1.3. The Emergence of the Style……………………………………………...…..……......……58 2.1.4. The Emergence of the Type…………………………………………….……...…...………59 2.1.5. A New Vision ……………...…..……..….………………………………………………..………60 2.2. The Root of Type…………………………………………………………………….…….……..…….……62 2.2.1. The Root of Type in Language……………………………………..……….....…….……62 2.2.1.a. The Root of Type Linguistically…………………………….….…………62 2.2.1.b. The Roots of Type Terminologically………………………..….………63 2.2.2. The Root of Type Philosophically…………………………….……...……..….….……64 2.2.2.a. The Roots of Type in the Worldly Philosophies of the Platonic and the Aristotelian…………………...…….………....……...……65 2.2.2.b. The Roots of Type in the Theological Religious Philosophies……………………………………………………………..….....…..…66 2.2.3. Vision in Depth ………………………………………………………………..…...……..………67 2.3. The Root of Type in Architectural Presentations…………………….….….……..…….70 2.3.1. The Root of Type in Architectural Presentations at the Pre Enlightenment Age Before 1750……………………..………..................……..…70 2.3.2. The Root of Type in Architectural Presentations at the Enlightenment Age 1750 - 1830……….…………………………….....…........……...…72 2.3.2.a. The Root of Type in the Presentations of Marc-Antoine Laugier……………………………………………...…....…..…72 2.3.2.b. The Root of Type in the Presentations of De Chamout……………………………………..………………..…..……..….……73 2.3.2.c. The Root of Type in the Presentations of iv Jacques-François Blondel……………………...……………...…...….....……74 2.3.2.d. The Root of Type in the Presentations of Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy…………...……..…75 2.3.2.e. The Root of Type in the Presentations of Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand……………………………..………...........……76 2.3.3. The Root of Type in Architectural Presentations at the Modernism Age 1900 - 1960………………………………....…………………..…………77 2.3.3.a. The Root of Type in Peter Reyner Banham’s Study…….............78 2.3.3.b. The Root of Type in Sherban Cantacuzino’s Study……..............79 2.3.3.c. The Root of Type in Juan Pablo Bonta’s Study……………............79 2.3.3.d. The Root of Type in Freserick A. Jules’s Study……..………....…80 2.3.4. The Root of Type in Architectural Presentations at the Post Modernism Age After1960……………………………….……………….....…...….80 2.3.4.a. The Root of Type in Carlo Aymonino’s Study……....…..……...…81 2.3.4.b. The Root of Type in Christian Norberg-Schulz’s Study...........82 2.3.4.c. The Root of Type in Andrea Kahn’s Study……………………....…84 2.3.4.d. The Root of Type in David Bell’s Study…………………...…...….…86 2.3.4.e. The Root of Type in Dennis Alan Mann’s Study………...….....…88 2.3.4.f. The Root of Type in William John Mitchell’s Study……….….91 2.3.5. Critical Vision ………………………………..……..…………………………...………...…….…92 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY: THE THEORY OF ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPE Table of Contents 3.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..……...……99 3.1. The Theory of Architectural Prototype…………………………………………….……....100 3.2. The Interpretations of the Theory of Architectural Prototype……………..…103 3.2.1. The First Interpretation of the Theory of Architectural Prototype Associated with the Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype….....103 3.2.1.a. The Collective Memory………………………………………………..….…103 3.2.1.b. The Mental Desire…………………………………………………………....…105 3.2.1.c. The Supreme Cultural Ideal…………………………………………..……106 3.2.1.d. The Spirit of the Age………………………………………………………..…107 3.2.2. The Formula of the Theory of Architectural Prototype……………..…….…109 3.2.3. The Second Interpretation of the Theory of Architectural Prototype Associated with the Language - Grammars of Prototype…………….....…113 3.2.3.a. The Cultural Species………………………………………………..……….…113 3.2.3.b. The Main Regulating Lines - Lineaments…………………...…..…116 3.2.4. Techniques of Analyzing The Main Regulating Lines…………….…...……120