SERA TR 04-43-05-03b Control/Eradication Agents for the Gypsy Moth - Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) FINAL REPORT Prepared for: USDA, Forest Service Forest Health Protection GSA Contract No. GS-10F-0082F USDA Forest Service BPA: WO-01-3187-0150 Requisition No.: 43-3187-1-0269 Task No. 5 Submitted to: Dave Thomas, COTR Forest Health Protection Staff USDA Forest Service Rosslyn Plaza Building C, Room 7129C 1601 North Kent Street Arlington, VA 22209 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Telephone: (315) 637-9560 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com July 30, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................... ii LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................... vii LIST OF WORKSHEETS ..................................................... vii ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS . viii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS . x CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ..................................... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................... xii 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................... 1-1 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ................................................ 2-1 2.1. OVERVIEW ..................................................... 2-1 2.2. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS . 2-1 2.3. APPLICATION METHODS ......................................... 2-2 2.4. MIXING AND APPLICATION RATES................................ 2-2 2.5. USE STATISTICS................................................. 2-3 3. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ..................................... 3-1 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ....................................... 3-1 3.1.1. Overview. ................................................ 3-1 3.1.2. Mechanism of Action........................................ 3-1 3.1.3. Kinetics and Metabolism. .................................... 3-2 3.1.3.1. Oral Absorption .................................... 3-2 3.1.3.2. Dermal Absorption.................................. 3-2 3.1.3.3. Metabolism ....................................... 3-3 3.1.4. Acute Oral Toxicity. ........................................ 3-4 3.1.5. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects. 3-4 3.1.6. Effects on Nervous System. .................................. 3-5 3.1.7. Effects on Immune System. .................................. 3-5 3.1.8. Effects on Endocrine System. ................................. 3-6 3.1.9. Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects. 3-6 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 3.1.10. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity. 3-7 3.1.11. Irritation and Sensitization (Effects on the Skin and Eyes). 3-7 3.1.12. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure. 3-7 3.1.13. Inhalation Exposure. ....................................... 3-8 3.1.14. Inerts and Adjuvants. ...................................... 3-8 3.1.15. Impurities and Metabolites................................... 3-8 3.1.16. Toxicologic Interactions. ................................... 3-9 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ....................................... 3-10 3.2.1. Overview. ............................................... 3-10 3.2.2. Workers. ................................................ 3-11 3.2.2.1. General Exposures ................................. 3-11 3.2.2.2. Accidental Exposures............................... 3-12 3.2.3. General Public. ........................................... 3-13 3.2.3.1. General Considerations . 3-13 3.2.3.2. Direct Spray ...................................... 3-14 3.2.3.3. Dermal Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation . 3-14 3.2.3.4. Contaminated Water ............................... 3-14 3.2.3.5. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Fish . 3-20 3.2.3.6. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation . 3-21 3.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT .................................. 3-23 3.3.1. Overview................................................ 3-23 3.3.2. Diflubenzuron ............................................ 3-23 3.3.3. 4-Chloroaniline ........................................... 3-25 3.4. RISK CHARACTERIZATION ...................................... 3-27 3.4.1. Overview................................................ 3-27 3.4.2. Workers................................................. 3-27 3.4.3. General Public. ........................................... 3-28 3.4.4. Sensitive Subgroups........................................ 3-28 3.4.5. Connected Actions......................................... 3-29 3.4.6. Cumulative Effects......................................... 3-29 4. ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT......................................... 4-1 4.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ....................................... 4-1 4.1.1. Overview. ................................................ 4-1 4.1.2. Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms. 4-2 4.1.2.1. Mammals ......................................... 4-2 4.1.2.2. Birds............................................. 4-2 4.1.2.3. Terrestrial Invertebrates . 4-3 4.1.2.4. Terrestrial Plants (Macrophytes) . 4-5 4.1.2.5. Terrestrial Microorganisms . 4-5 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 4.1.3. Aquatic Organisms.......................................... 4-6 4.1.3.1. Fish.............................................. 4-6 4.1.3.2. Amphibians ....................................... 4-7 4.1.3.3. Aquatic Invertebrates ................................ 4-7 4.1.3.4. Aquatic Plants ..................................... 4-8 4.1.3.5. Aquatic Microorganisms . 4-8 4.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ....................................... 4-10 4.2.1. Overview. ............................................... 4-10 4.2.2. Terrestrial Animals. ....................................... 4-10 4.2.2.1. Direct Spray ...................................... 4-11 4.2.2.2. Indirect Contact ................................... 4-12 4.2.2.3. Ingestion of Contaminated Vegetation or Prey . 4-12 4.2.2.4. Ingestion of Contaminated Water . 4-14 4.2.3. Terrestrial Plants. ......................................... 4-15 4.2.4. Soil Organisms............................................ 4-15 4.2.5. Aquatic Organisms......................................... 4-15 4.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT .................................. 4-16 4.3.1. Overview. ............................................... 4-16 4.3.2. Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms. 4-17 4.3.2.1. Mammals ........................................ 4-17 4.3.2.2. Birds............................................ 4-17 4.3.2.3. Terrestrial Invertebrates . 4-18 4.3.2.4. Terrestrial Plants (Macrophytes) . 4-20 4.3.2.5. Soil Microorganisms ............................... 4-20 4.3.3. Aquatic Organisms......................................... 4-20 4.3.3.1. Fish............................................. 4-20 4.3.3.2. Amphibians ...................................... 4-21 4.3.3.3. Aquatic Invertebrates ............................... 4-21 4.3.3.4. Aquatic Plants .................................... 4-23 4.3.3.5. Aquatic Microorganisms . 4-23 4.4. RISK CHARACTERIZATION ...................................... 4-24 4.4.1. Overview. ............................................... 4-24 4.4.2. Terrestrial Organisms....................................... 4-24 4.4.2.1. Terrestrial Vertebrates . 4-24 4.4.2.2. Terrestrial Invertebrates . 4-25 4.4.2.3. Plants and Microorganisms . 4-26 4.4.3. Aquatic Organisms......................................... 4-26 4.4.3.1. Aquatic Vertebrates ................................ 4-26 4.4.3.2. Aquatic Invertebrates ............................... 4-26 4.4.3.3. Aquatic Plants and Microorganisms . 4-27 5. REFERENCES ........................................................... 5-1 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Acute toxicity of diflubenzuron and p-chloroaniline to experimental mammals Appendix 2: Laboratory and simulation studies on environmental fate of diflubenzuron and its metabolites Appendix 3a: Summary of terrestrial field or field simulation studies on diflubenzuron and its formulations Appendix 3b: Summary of aquatic field or field simulation studies on diflubenzuron and its formulations Appendix 4: Toxicity of diflubenzuron to birds Appendix 5: Toxicity to non-target terrestrial insects Appendix 6: Toxicity to diflubenzuron to fish Appendix 7: Toxicity of diflubenzuron to aquatic invertebrates Appendix 8: Toxicity of diflubenzuron to aquatic plants v LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Selected physical and chemical properties of diflubenzuron . Tables-1 Table 2-2: Commercial formulations of diflubenzuron . Tables-2 Table 2-3: Use of diflubenzuron by USDA from 1995 to 2002 for Suppression, Eradication, and Slow the Spread .............................Tables-3 Table 3-1: Chemical and site parameters used in GLEAMS modeling for diflubenzuron .............................................Tables-4 Table 3-2: Summary of modeled concentrations of diflubenzuron in streams . Tables-5 Table 3-3: Summary of modeled concentrations of diflubenzuron in ponds . Tables-6 Table 3-4: Chemical and site parameters used in GLEAMS modeling for 4-chloroaniline ............................................Tables-7 Table 3-5: Summary of modeled concentrations of 4-chloroaniline in streams . Tables-8 Table 3-6: Summary of modeled concentrations of 4-chloroaniline