Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 35(3), pp. 141–150, September 22, 2009 Moss Flora of Angkor, Cambodia Masanobu Higuchi Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba 305–0005, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The moss flora of Angkor, Cambodia, was investigated in 2005 and 2006 with special attention to Ta Nei site. The bryophytes recognized comprise 11 families, 14 genera and 19 species. Calymperes motleyi, Ectropothecium dealbatum, Fissidens crenulatus, F. flaccidus, F. teysmannianus, Hyophila rosea, Leptobryum pyriforme, Scopelophila cataractae and Splachno- bryum flaccidum are reported as new to the moss flora of Cambodia. For each species recognized here, locality, substrate, specimen number and taxonomic note are provided. Key words : Angkor, Cambodia, mosses, Ta Nei. study is to investigate the moss flora of Angkor Introduction and compile it based on the specimens collected. This study deals with the moss flora of Angkor, Cambodia based on the collections Materials and Methods under a research program, “Research on the dete- rioration and conservation of materials constitut- Field studies were carried out in December ing cultural heritage in Asia,” by the National 2005 and July 2006 and a total of ca. 100 speci- Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo, mens were collected. The sites investigated are Japan in collaboration with the Authority for the divided as follows. The collections are preserved Protection and Management of Angkor and the in the herbarium of the National Museum of Region of Siem Reap, Cambodia. In 2005 and Nature and Science (TNS). 2006 I made field researches and collected I: Prasat Suor Prat, 30 m alt., 13°27ЈN, 103°53ЈE, bryophytes mainly from Ta Nei site (13°27ЈN, December 15, 2005. 103°53ЈE), Angkor, north of Siem Reap, Cambo- II: Western Prasat Top, 40 m alt., 13°26ЈN, dia. 103°51ЈE, December 15, 2005. Ta Nei is a late 12th Century stone temple, and III: Ta Nei, 40 m alt., 13°27ЈN, 103°53ЈE, it is located in densely forest near the northwest December 16, 17 and 18, 2005, July 17, 18, 19 corner of the East Baray which is a large former and 22, 2006. lake in Angkor (Fig. 1). The ruins are made of IV: Banteay Srei, 60 m alt., 13°35ЈN, 103°57ЈE, laterite and sandstone. Ta Nei has been the object July 20, 2006. of minimal reconstruction and clearing effort, V: Banteay Samre, 30 m alt., 13°26ЈN, 103°58ЈE, so that it has been left as it originally was for July 20, 2006. the most part. VI: Bayon, 35 m alt., 13°26ЈN, 103°51ЈE, July The mosses of Cambodia have been reported 22, 2006. by Tixier (1966, 1967, 1975, 1979, 1980). Tan and Iwatsuki (1993) compiled a checklist of Results and Discussion Indochinese mosses, and list 73 genera and 152 species from Cambodia. The purpose of this The mosses recognized in this study comprise 142 Masanobu Higuchi Fig. 1. Photographs showing Ta Nei site and several species growing there. A. Outer view of Ta Nei site. B. Inner view of Ta Nei site. C. Trachyphyllum inflexum growing on base of stone-walls. D. Hyophila rosea growing on sandstone boulder. E. Fissidens ceylonensis growing on laterite wall. F. Taxithelium nepalense growing on sandstone boulder. 11 families, 14 genera and 19 species. Nine bryum pyriforme and Scopelophila cataractae are species, Calymperes motleyi, Ectropothecium new to Indochina including Cambodia, Laos, dealbatum, Fissidens crenulatus, F. flaccidus, F. Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. teysmannianus, Hyophila rosea, Leptobryum In Ta Nei, Fissidens ceylonensis, Hyophila pyriforme, Scopelophila cataractae and Splach- comosa, Taxithelium nepalense and Trachyphyl- nobryum flaccidum, are new additions to the lum inflexum are common and growing abun- moss flora of Cambodia. Among them Lepto- dantly (Fig. 1). Bryophytes were vigorously Moss Flora of Angkor, Cambodia 143 Fig. 2. Comparison of bryophytes growing at Ta Nei site between dry and wet season. A, C and E were taken from December 2005, and B, D and F from July 2006. A and B. Bryophyte communities composed of Tax- ithelium nepalense mainly on a kind of stone-works in dry (A) and wet season (B). C and D. Hyophila rosea growing on sandstone boulder in dry (C) and wet season (D). Plants in C having mature capsules with calyp- trae, while those in D having sporophytes with empty capsules. E and F. Fissidens ceylonensis growing on laterite wall in dry (E) and wet season (F). Plants in E having sporophytes with empty capsules, while those in D having mature capsules with calyptrae. growing in July 2006 as compared with those in ning of November to the middle of May and wet December 2005 (Fig. 2, A & B). It might be season from the end of May to the end of Octo- caused by the difference between dry and wet ber. The walls of ruins which are one of main season, i.e., they have dry season from the begin- habitats of bryophytes in this area are made of 144 Masanobu Higuchi laterite and sandstone. The epiphytic floras of Specimen examined. IV, on trunk of Artocar- mosses on the walls were scarcely different pus ridigus (Higuchi 46178ϩOctoblephalum between laterite and sandstone. albidum, Trocholejeunea sandvicensis). Distribution. Polynesia, Malesia and northern Australia (cf. Eddy, 1990). Enumeration of species Notes. This species is characterized by small The families, genera and species are arranged plants, gemmiferous leaf apices (Fig. 3, C) and alphabetically. The generic position follows lacks of teniolae and expanded gemma recepta- Goffinet et al. (2009). In the following enumera- cles. This is a new addition to the bryophyte flora tion an asterisk (*) preceding a species indicates of Cambodia. “new to Cambodia.” Each species is referred by collecting site (I–VIII), substrate and specimen 4. Octoblepharum albidum Hedw., Spec. Mus. number, and some species taxonomic notes. The 50 (1851). specimens cited here are deposited in the herbari- Specimens examined. III, on stone-walls, July um of the Department of Botany, National Muse- 20, 2006 (Higuchi 46176ϩFissidens ceylonen- um of Nature and Science (formerly National sis); IV, on trunk of Artocarpus ridigus (Higuchi Science Museum) (TNS). 46178ϩCalymperes motleyi, Trocholejeunea sandvicensis). Distribution. Pantropical. Bartramiaceae Notes. This species has been reported from 1. Philotis hastata (Duby) Wijk & Marg., Taxon Cambodia by Tixier (1966, 1967, 1975, 1980). 8: 74 (1959). Specimen examined. VI, on flagstone (Higuchi Ditrichaceae 46193ϩFissidens ceylonensis, Splachnobryum flaccidum). 5. Garckea flexuosa (Griff.) Margad. & Nork., Distribution. Pantropical. J. Bryol. 7: 440 (1973). Notes. This species has been reported from Specimens examined. III, on soil, Dec. 17, Cambodia by Tixier (1979). 2005 (Higuchi 44846), Dec. 18, 2005 (Higuchi 44857). Distribution. Pantropical. Bryaceae Notes. This species has been reported from 2. *Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson, Cambodia by Tixier (1966, 1967, 1979, 1980). Bryol. Brit. 219 (1851). Specimens examined. III, on soil, July 17, Fissidentaceae 2006 (Higuchi 46142), July 18, 2006 (Higuchi 46152, 46159) Ten species of Fissidens including F. crenula- Distribution. Cosmopolitan. tus, F. flaccidus and F. teysmannianus newly Notes. This species is a weed of cultivated added here are known from Cambodia. The fol- area, but it has never been recorded from not lowing key is revised from Li and Iwatsuki only Cambodia but also Indochina (cf. Tan and (2001). Fissidens asperifolius M. Fleisch. var. Iwatsuki, 1993). cambodianus Tixier, endemic to Cambodia, is not available here because of the lack of informa- tion. The species with double asterisk (**) are Calymperaceae not present in this collection. 3. *Calymperes motleyi Mitt. in Dozy & Molk., Key to the species of Fissidens in Cambodia Bryol. Java. 1: 48 (1856) (Fig. 3). 1. Leaves soft; cells of apical laminae lax and Moss Flora of Angkor, Cambodia 145 Fig. 3. Calymperes motleyi Mitt. (Higuchi 46178). A. Plant. B. Leaf. C. Leaf apex with gemmae. D. Leaf-shoul- der margin showing cancellinae and laminal cells. Scale bars in A & Bϭ1 mm; C & Dϭ100 mm. 146 Masanobu Higuchi large, 19–50 mm long ...........F. flaccidus on boulder, July 18, 2006 (Higuchi 46150), on 1. Leaves more or less firm; cells of apical lami- stone-walls (Higuchi 46165), on flagstone, July nae dense, usually not more than 20 mm long . 20, 2006 (Higuchi 46171), on stone-walls ....................................2 (Higuchi 46176ϩOctoblepharum albidum), on 2. Leaves at least partially limbate...........3 flagstone, July 22, 2006 (Higuchi 46187), on soil 2. Leaves not limbate .....................6 (Higuchi 46188), on boulder (Higuchi 46183); 3. Cells at base of vaginant laminae up to 42 mm VI, on boulder (Higuchi 46197, 46198), on flag- long, much longer than those of apical and stone (Higuchi 46193ϩPhilonotis hastata, dorsal laminae (5–14 mm long); axillary hya- Splachnobryum flaccidum). line nodules well differentiated. F. zollingeri Distribution. Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Viet- 3. Cells at base of vaginant laminae up to 21 mm nam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, long, only slightly longer than those of apical Philippines, China and New Zealand (cf. Li and and dorsal laminae (9–21 mm long); axillary Iwatsuki, 2001). hyaline nodules not or weakly differentiated . 4 Notes. This species has been reported from 4. Leaf cells with 1 (rarely 2) small papillae. Cambodia by Tixier (1966, 1967, 1975, 1980). ...........................F. crenulatus The plants observed in July had mature sporo- 4. Leaf cells pluripapillose.................5 phytes with calyptrae, while those in December 5. Setae more or less scabrous; perigonia in axils had empty capsules (Fig. 2, E & F). It suggests of leaves...................F. hollianus** that mature of sporophytes occurs in wet season 5. Setae always smooth; perigonia terminal on in this species. main stems, rarely on short lateral branches . ..........................F. ceylonensis 7. *Fissidens crenulatus Mitt., J. Linn. Proc. 6. Leaf margins dark in color, 2–4 cells thick . Soc. Bot.