Winter 2001-2 Features News FUSION REPORT 11 Pedro Paulet: Peruvian Space and Rocket Pioneer 44 Will the U.S. Join the World Sara Maduefio Paulet de Vasquez Fusion Effort? The inventor of the liquid fuel motor (1895) and the first modern Marsha Freeman rocket propulsion system (1900) was a Peruvian engineer and INTERVIEW WITH SATORU OHTAKE statesman. His story is told here by his great niece. 47 Japan Urges U.S. to Rejoin ITER Fusion Project 20 The Division of the Circle and BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Gauss's Concept of the Complex Domain 51 The Case for Adult Stem Cell Bruce Director Research The complex plane, as Gauss developed it, is not what you Wolfgang Liflge, M.D. learned in textbooks. ANCIENT DISCOVERY 54 Pitcairn Petroglyph Deciphered Kepler Exposes Aristotle's Sabotage of Astronomy Ross Perfect 27 Translated by George Gregory SPACE Kepler charged Aristotle with 2,000 years of sabotage of science, 59 Astronaut Andy Thomas: for using a false argument to insist that the Sun must orbit a Time for Australia to Get stationary Earth. Into Space AFTERWORD 39 The Context of Kepler's Attack on Aristotle's Lie NUCLEAR REPORT George Gregory 64 Food Iradiation Technology Can Kill Anthrax Departments EDITORIAL 2 Leibniz, Vernadsky, LaRouche Laurence Hecht 4 LETTERS RESEARCH COMMUNICATION 6 The Implications of Sumerian Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. 8 NEWS BRIEFS IN MEMORIAM 10 John M. Dawson, Fusion Pioneer Charles B. Stevens BOOKS 66 A Voyage Round the World 71 Buzzword On the cover: The latest design for the NASA montage of Saturn and some of its Keplerian system of satellites. International Thermonuclear Experimental prepared from images taken by the Voyager I spacecraft in November 1980. Reactor (ITER), in cross-section. The human figure in the right foreground indi­ In a first-ever English translation (p. 27), the fo under of modern cates the size of the fusion reactor. astronomy, Johannes Kepler, charges Aristotle with holding science back Illustration courtesy of the International fo r two millennia by his specious arguments against the heliocentric Atomic Energy Agency; cover design by system already known to the Pythagoreans in ancient Greece. Alan Vue. EDITORIAL Leibniz, Vernadsky, LaRouche n order for there to be composite sub­ Leibnizian monad, conceives an I stances, there must be simple sub­ "object" of no particular, mass, length, stances, that is, without parts, to make or measure of time. Th is "object," also a them up. Where there are no constituent type of monad which Plato called the parts, there is possible neither extension, Idea, then has power to reshape the nor form, nor divisibility. These simple entire relationship of the human species substances, without length, mass, or time to the Earth and the rest of the universe. measure are called by G.W. Leibniz The difference with Ve rnadsky arises monads, "the true Atoms of nature, and, in LaRouche's recognition of the signifi­ in fact, the Elements of things." cance of the conditions necessary to An appreciation of the problem of produce such new ideas and to realize how to integrate the necessary existence them. This places the question outside of of monads into a study of the visible, or any possible "objective" interpretation measurable, parts of nature has been the of nature, into the realm of language, mark of all competent science, since culture, and universal history, where the classical times. Our most direct knowl­ influences shaping the possibility of edge of the monad comes from exami­ development of new ideas that trans­ nation of the mind in the process of form nature are to be found. invention, or discovery of a fundamental A Scientific Dialogue principle of nature. In this case, the sub­ The importance of such matters is rec­ ject is the higher form of monad, also ognized wherever science is practiced, known as soul, which uniquely charac­ and in Russia, particularly in the trying terizes the human species. times of the past 10 years, profound dis­ In the early part of the 20th century, cussion of such ideas has taken root. As the great Russian biogeochemist we go to press, the news reaches us of Vladimir Ve rnadsky was able to recog­ an extraordinary conference and discus­ nize an ordering in man's understanding sions, which took place recently around of nature according to three distinct yet an event commemorating the recent ' interacting realms of action in the uni­ death of an extraordinary Russian scien­ verse-the abiotic, the living (biosphere), tist, Pobisk Kuznetsov (1924-2000). and the cognitive (noosphere), each one Kuznetsov was a universal thinker and able to act upon the successively lower innovator in many branches of science realms in a hierarchical but also multiply from photochemistry to the design of connected fashion. In particular, management systems for technical Vernadsky recognized the unique capa­ research. Much of his education took bility of the cognitive to exert power over place in the Gulag. Professor Kuznetsov ciates or the We are not the non-living, and also the biosphere. had become aware of LaRouche's writ­ manuscripts. In a conceptual breakthrough which ings in the early 1990s (during Subscriptions by mal 'are $25 for 6 issues or $48for 12 .issues in the,U8A and. Canada. he dates to approximately 1948, Lyndon LaRouche's imprisonment), and hosted a Airmail countries are H. LaRouche, Jr., came to a conception visit of his fellow political prisoner to $50 for 6 issues. $5 each of the relationship of the cognitive to the Russia in April 1994. LaRouche returned ($6 foreign). in U.S. cur- abiotic and living processes, which goes to Russia several times since, and most ' a step beyond that of Ve rnadsky. recently to attend the Dec. 14, 2001 LaRouche saw, in his studies of physical memorial for Kuznetsov, among other economy, that economic value is deter­ important meetings. A flavor of the dia­ mined solely by the discovery and real­ logue under way may be tasted in this ization through society of unique, new excerpt from LaRouche's address to that discoveries of physical principle. In this event. We take up LaRouche's short process, the individual mind, a speech at the point that he notes 2 Winter 2001 -2002 21 st CENTURY EDITORIAL composed of three con­ cu rrent, but d isti nct, phase-spaces? It was suggested to Ve rnadsky, but he didn't take it up­ partly because of his age and condition, at that time. There is a unique mathematical-physical conceptual approach to this problem. It's called 'Riemannian geometry.' In particular, this geome­ try has a very specific name, of great signifi­ cance, which is peculiar only to Riemannian geometry. That name is, 'differential geometry.' "This is not exotic. It's Ph ysical economist Lyndon LaRouche addresses the Dec. 14-15, 2001 memorial in Moscow in very tangible, very honor of Russian scientist Pobisk Kuznetsov (1924-2001J. demonstrable, but like all scientific facts, it has Ve rnadsky's proof of the differentia are defined from the standpoint of exper­ to be demonstrated, to be made clear. specifica of life: imental physics, as follows. We know This is where Pobisk became fascinated "Now, Ve rnadsky, using the same certain principles, which can be proven with my definition of 'potential relative methods of crucial, universal scientific experimentally, to be universal, from the population-density,' as a function. proof, which had been used by standpoint of the assumption that the "So, the significance is this: What is the Mendeleyev earlier, made a conclusive universe were abiotic-not a living uni­ difference between man and an animal? scientific demonstration of the distinction verse. There are also experiments, as typ­ An animal can not change his nature. of the principle of life, on the basis of bio­ ified by the work of Pasteur, and Curie, Man does, we hope. How does man geochemistry, continuing the work of and Vernadsky, that demonstrate that the change his nature, in a positive way, of such predecessors as Pasteur and Curie. abiotic universe is efficiently transformed course? By making the equivalent of an "He also went further, and this comes by a principle which exists entirely out­ hypothesis, which turns out to be an to the question of what man should do side the abiotic universe. This is the prin­ experimentally provable, universal physi­ about the biosphere. And I'll state the ciple from which life-forms are generat­ cal principle. By our adopting these prin­ thing in my own terms, rather than ed, in the universe. This principle-'Iife,' ciples, as we discover them, and by our exactly the way Ve rnadsky put it. What if you wish to call it that-is apparently cooperating in using these principles, we Ve rnadsky demonstrated (though I think very weak, relative to abiotic forces, but increase man's power in the universe, per not as conclusively as he would have its persistence on Earth demonstrates, capita, in the only way possible. wished to, had he lived longer), from the that life has increasingly transformed this "That is the secret. Therefore, if you standpoint of physical science, is that Earth, so that more and more of the Earth wanted to have the best economy, if you man is made in the image of the Creator is either living processes, or the products want the kind of economy that can mas­ of the universe, and has special powers of the action of living processes. ter the problems of the biosphere of which no other creature has. This corre­ "Then we come to a th ird category: Central and North Asia, you must change sponds to a concept, first developed in The power of individual human cogni­ the policies of education, and qualifica­ known European civilization by Plato, in tion, as expressed by the discovery of tion and employment of the labor fo rce.